Notes

1 .

This sutta, as E.J. Thomas ( Early Buddhist Scriptures , London 1935, p. 123) says, "has been appealed to both by those who would find in Buddhism the doctrine of something permanent in addition to the five groups [i.e., the sankhaaras ], and also by those who deny it." To the former party belong, e.g., H.C. Warren, who included it in his Buddhism in Translations (Harvard 1896, rep. 1963), and Erich Frauwallner, who prints in his Philosophie des Buddhismus ([East] Berlin 1956, p. 25f.) a German translation from the Chinese version of Tsa Ahan (Taisho 99, k. 3) which he entitles "Das Suutra vom Lastträger" ("The Suutra of the Burden-Bearer") with the Sanskrit heading (retranslated from the Chinese!) Bhaarahaarasuutram . But Woodward in KS [ Book of the Kindred Sayings , trans. of the Sa.myutta Nikaaya, Vol. III, PTS 1924], countering a similar view expressed by A.B. Keith, says: "No bearer of the burden is mentioned at all, but a bearing. Haaro is 'a taking.' The puggalo ['person'] is the taking hold of the fivefold mass ." (Woodward's italics). Woodward's view is expressly supported by Mrs Rhys Davids, as editor, in a note of her own, though she doubtless changed her mind about this later, having subsequently (as is well known) drifted into wrong views! The sutta is discussed briefly twice in EB [ Encyclopaedia of Buddhism , Colombo 1961], and, curiously, different opinions are expressed on this point. Under Bhaara , U. K[arunaratana] says: "the burden-bearer ( bhaarahaara ) is the person ( puggala )," while under Bhaara Sutta L[akshmi] R. G[oonesekere] writes: "the 'laying hold of the burden' [= bharahara ] is the individual." Grammar would seem to be on the side of the latter view, and while I am unable to say whether Frauwallner has translated from the Chinese correctly or not, the same would apply to the Sanskrit title he quotes. It is further noteworthy that in Frauwallner's text the four things are given in a different order from the Pali as: "The Burden," "the taking up of the burden" (but see n. 2 ), "the laying down of the burden," and "the bearer of the burden" [= bhaarahaara. ] The last of these three is said to be "the person," etc., but with a somewhat expanded description. The final verses are also somewhat different. In any case the Sanskrit text (on which the Chinese version is based) is clearly secondary.

It is easy to understand how this sutta could be misunderstood, both in ancient and in modern times, since (doctrinal issues apart!) one would expect the "person" to be described as the bearer rather than the "bearing." The explanation is that the "person" is in terms of relative truth what the khandhas are according to ultimate truth (cf. SN 1.20, n. 8 ).

One is tempted to think that this sutta was originally delivered for the benefit of one or other of the Bhaaradvaajas (see SN 7.1 , SN 7.2 , SN 35.127 ), whose name appears to mean "twice-born burden"!

2 .

Bhaaraadaana : generally translated as "taking up the burden," etc., but aadaana , like upaadaana , can also mean "clinging," which gives a more pregnant meaning.

3 .

See Vol. I, n. 49 .

4 .

Puggala . A term of relative truth, as pointed out in n. 1 .

5 .

Kaamata.nhaa: "sensual craving," the first and crudest of three kinds of craving.

6 .

Bhavata.nhaa , the desire for continued existence connected with "Eternalism" (see SN 12.15, n. 2 ).

7 .

Vibhavata.nhaa , the desire for non-existence or the "death-wish," connected with "Annihilationism" (see SN 12.15, n. 3 ). In older works sometimes mistranslated as "desire for wealth" (also vibhava but a different word).

8 .

The formula is that for the Second Noble Truth.

9 .

The formula is that for the Third Noble Truth.

10 .

Sugato lit. "well-gone." All three designations refer, of course, to the Buddha. It is difficult to render the whole phrase into English without awkwardness.

11 .

Lit. "he is sated and brought to peace ( or 'cooled')."