full transcript

From the Ted Talk by Courtney Stephens: A brief history of melancholy


Unscramble the Blue Letters


Sadness is part of the hmuan eeepxcirne, but for ceuientrs there has been vast disagreement over what exactly it is and what, if anything, to do about it. In its simplest temrs, sadness is often thought of as the natural roaietcn to a difficult stioatiun. You feel sad when a friend moves away or when a pet dies. When a friend says, "I'm sad," you often respond by asking, "What happened?" But your assumption that sadness has an external cause outside the self is a relatively new idea. Ancient Greek doctors didn't view sadness that way. They believed it was a dark fluid inside the body. According to their humoral system, the human body and soul were conlletrod by four fluids, known as humors, and their balance directly influenced a person's haelth and temperament. Melancholia comes from melaina kole, the word for black bile, the humor believed to cause sadness. By changing your diet and through medical practices, you could binrg your humors into balance. Even though we now know much more about the stmseys that govern the human body, these Greek ideas about sadness resonate with current views, not on the sadness we all occasionally feel, but on clinical depression. Doctors believe that certain kinds of long-term, unlxpeaneid emotional states are at least partially related to brain chemistry, the balance of various chemicals present inside the brain. Like the Greek system, cinganhg the balance of these ceiacmhls can deeply atler how we respond to even extremely difficult cincaremcsuts. There's also a long tradition of attempting to discern the value of sadness, and in that discussion, you'll find a strong argument that sadness is not only an inevitable part of life but an essential one. If you've never felt melancholy, you've missed out on part of what it means to be human. Many thinkers contend that melancholy is necessary in gaining wisdom. Robert Burton, born in 1577, snpet his life studying the causes and experience of sadness. In his masterpiece "The Anatomy of Melancholy," Burton wrote, "He that increaseth wisdom itcsreenah sorrow." The rtamionc poets of the early 19th century believed melancholy allows us to more deeply understand other proofund eimtnoos, like beauty and joy. To unrsedantd the sadness of the trees losing their leevas in the fall is to more fully understand the cycle of life that brings frwloes in the spring. But wisdom and emotional intelligence seem pretty high on the hreachriy of needs. Does ssdneas have value on a more basic, tangible, maybe even evolutionary level? sisetincts think that crying and feeling withdrawn is what oanlrilgiy helped our ancestors secure social bonds and helped them get the support they needed. Sadness, as oeosppd to anger or violence, was an expression of suffering that could immediately bring people closer to the suffering person, and this helped both the person and the larger community to thrive. Perhaps sadness helped generate the unity we ndeeed to svviure, but many have wondered whether the sifeunfrg felt by others is anything like the suffering we experience ourselves. The poet Emily Dickinson wrote, "I measure every Grief I meet With narrow, probing Eyes - I wonder if it weighs like MIne - Or has an Easier size." And in the 20th century, medical anthropologists, like Arthur Kleinman, gathered eicndeve from the way people talk about pain to suggest that emotions aren't universal at all, and that culture, particularly the way we use language, can ifunecnle how we feel. When we talk about heartbreak, the feeling of brokenness becomes part of our experience, where as in a culture that talks about a bruised heart, there actually seems to be a different subjective experience. Some contemporary thinkers aren't interested in sadness' subjectivity versus usteaiirlnvy, and would rather use tchnelgooy to etnaimlie suffering in all its forms. David Pearce has sgsgetued that geteinc egrinenneig and other contemporary processes cannot only alter the way humans experience emotional and physical pain, but that world ecosystems ought to be redesigned so that animals don't suffer in the wild. He calls his project "paradise engineering." But is there something sad about a world without sadness? Our cavemen anocersts and favorite poets might not want any part of such a paradise. In fact, the only things about sadness that seem universally areegd upon are that it has been felt by most people throughout time, and that for thousands of years, one of the best ways we have to deal with this difficult emotion is to autitalcre it, to try to express what feels inexpressable. In the words of elmiy Dickinson, "'Hope' is the thing with featrhes - That perches in the soul - "And sings the tune without the words - And never stpos - at all -"

Open Cloze


Sadness is part of the _____ __________, but for _________ there has been vast disagreement over what exactly it is and what, if anything, to do about it. In its simplest _____, sadness is often thought of as the natural ________ to a difficult _________. You feel sad when a friend moves away or when a pet dies. When a friend says, "I'm sad," you often respond by asking, "What happened?" But your assumption that sadness has an external cause outside the self is a relatively new idea. Ancient Greek doctors didn't view sadness that way. They believed it was a dark fluid inside the body. According to their humoral system, the human body and soul were __________ by four fluids, known as humors, and their balance directly influenced a person's ______ and temperament. Melancholia comes from melaina kole, the word for black bile, the humor believed to cause sadness. By changing your diet and through medical practices, you could _____ your humors into balance. Even though we now know much more about the _______ that govern the human body, these Greek ideas about sadness resonate with current views, not on the sadness we all occasionally feel, but on clinical depression. Doctors believe that certain kinds of long-term, ___________ emotional states are at least partially related to brain chemistry, the balance of various chemicals present inside the brain. Like the Greek system, ________ the balance of these _________ can deeply _____ how we respond to even extremely difficult _____________. There's also a long tradition of attempting to discern the value of sadness, and in that discussion, you'll find a strong argument that sadness is not only an inevitable part of life but an essential one. If you've never felt melancholy, you've missed out on part of what it means to be human. Many thinkers contend that melancholy is necessary in gaining wisdom. Robert Burton, born in 1577, _____ his life studying the causes and experience of sadness. In his masterpiece "The Anatomy of Melancholy," Burton wrote, "He that increaseth wisdom __________ sorrow." The ________ poets of the early 19th century believed melancholy allows us to more deeply understand other ________ ________, like beauty and joy. To __________ the sadness of the trees losing their ______ in the fall is to more fully understand the cycle of life that brings _______ in the spring. But wisdom and emotional intelligence seem pretty high on the _________ of needs. Does _______ have value on a more basic, tangible, maybe even evolutionary level? __________ think that crying and feeling withdrawn is what __________ helped our ancestors secure social bonds and helped them get the support they needed. Sadness, as _______ to anger or violence, was an expression of suffering that could immediately bring people closer to the suffering person, and this helped both the person and the larger community to thrive. Perhaps sadness helped generate the unity we ______ to _______, but many have wondered whether the _________ felt by others is anything like the suffering we experience ourselves. The poet Emily Dickinson wrote, "I measure every Grief I meet With narrow, probing Eyes - I wonder if it weighs like MIne - Or has an Easier size." And in the 20th century, medical anthropologists, like Arthur Kleinman, gathered ________ from the way people talk about pain to suggest that emotions aren't universal at all, and that culture, particularly the way we use language, can _________ how we feel. When we talk about heartbreak, the feeling of brokenness becomes part of our experience, where as in a culture that talks about a bruised heart, there actually seems to be a different subjective experience. Some contemporary thinkers aren't interested in sadness' subjectivity versus ____________, and would rather use __________ to _________ suffering in all its forms. David Pearce has _________ that _______ ___________ and other contemporary processes cannot only alter the way humans experience emotional and physical pain, but that world ecosystems ought to be redesigned so that animals don't suffer in the wild. He calls his project "paradise engineering." But is there something sad about a world without sadness? Our cavemen _________ and favorite poets might not want any part of such a paradise. In fact, the only things about sadness that seem universally ______ upon are that it has been felt by most people throughout time, and that for thousands of years, one of the best ways we have to deal with this difficult emotion is to __________ it, to try to express what feels inexpressable. In the words of _____ Dickinson, "'Hope' is the thing with ________ - That perches in the soul - "And sings the tune without the words - And never _____ - at all -"

Solution


  1. controlled
  2. centuries
  3. systems
  4. terms
  5. romantic
  6. originally
  7. emily
  8. needed
  9. experience
  10. technology
  11. stops
  12. reaction
  13. unexplained
  14. genetic
  15. scientists
  16. understand
  17. health
  18. bring
  19. evidence
  20. emotions
  21. feathers
  22. increaseth
  23. circumstances
  24. agreed
  25. suggested
  26. human
  27. universality
  28. profound
  29. eliminate
  30. changing
  31. sadness
  32. ancestors
  33. spent
  34. engineering
  35. hierarchy
  36. chemicals
  37. opposed
  38. leaves
  39. situation
  40. influence
  41. flowers
  42. survive
  43. alter
  44. suffering
  45. articulate

Original Text


Sadness is part of the human experience, but for centuries there has been vast disagreement over what exactly it is and what, if anything, to do about it. In its simplest terms, sadness is often thought of as the natural reaction to a difficult situation. You feel sad when a friend moves away or when a pet dies. When a friend says, "I'm sad," you often respond by asking, "What happened?" But your assumption that sadness has an external cause outside the self is a relatively new idea. Ancient Greek doctors didn't view sadness that way. They believed it was a dark fluid inside the body. According to their humoral system, the human body and soul were controlled by four fluids, known as humors, and their balance directly influenced a person's health and temperament. Melancholia comes from melaina kole, the word for black bile, the humor believed to cause sadness. By changing your diet and through medical practices, you could bring your humors into balance. Even though we now know much more about the systems that govern the human body, these Greek ideas about sadness resonate with current views, not on the sadness we all occasionally feel, but on clinical depression. Doctors believe that certain kinds of long-term, unexplained emotional states are at least partially related to brain chemistry, the balance of various chemicals present inside the brain. Like the Greek system, changing the balance of these chemicals can deeply alter how we respond to even extremely difficult circumstances. There's also a long tradition of attempting to discern the value of sadness, and in that discussion, you'll find a strong argument that sadness is not only an inevitable part of life but an essential one. If you've never felt melancholy, you've missed out on part of what it means to be human. Many thinkers contend that melancholy is necessary in gaining wisdom. Robert Burton, born in 1577, spent his life studying the causes and experience of sadness. In his masterpiece "The Anatomy of Melancholy," Burton wrote, "He that increaseth wisdom increaseth sorrow." The Romantic poets of the early 19th century believed melancholy allows us to more deeply understand other profound emotions, like beauty and joy. To understand the sadness of the trees losing their leaves in the fall is to more fully understand the cycle of life that brings flowers in the spring. But wisdom and emotional intelligence seem pretty high on the hierarchy of needs. Does sadness have value on a more basic, tangible, maybe even evolutionary level? Scientists think that crying and feeling withdrawn is what originally helped our ancestors secure social bonds and helped them get the support they needed. Sadness, as opposed to anger or violence, was an expression of suffering that could immediately bring people closer to the suffering person, and this helped both the person and the larger community to thrive. Perhaps sadness helped generate the unity we needed to survive, but many have wondered whether the suffering felt by others is anything like the suffering we experience ourselves. The poet Emily Dickinson wrote, "I measure every Grief I meet With narrow, probing Eyes - I wonder if it weighs like MIne - Or has an Easier size." And in the 20th century, medical anthropologists, like Arthur Kleinman, gathered evidence from the way people talk about pain to suggest that emotions aren't universal at all, and that culture, particularly the way we use language, can influence how we feel. When we talk about heartbreak, the feeling of brokenness becomes part of our experience, where as in a culture that talks about a bruised heart, there actually seems to be a different subjective experience. Some contemporary thinkers aren't interested in sadness' subjectivity versus universality, and would rather use technology to eliminate suffering in all its forms. David Pearce has suggested that genetic engineering and other contemporary processes cannot only alter the way humans experience emotional and physical pain, but that world ecosystems ought to be redesigned so that animals don't suffer in the wild. He calls his project "paradise engineering." But is there something sad about a world without sadness? Our cavemen ancestors and favorite poets might not want any part of such a paradise. In fact, the only things about sadness that seem universally agreed upon are that it has been felt by most people throughout time, and that for thousands of years, one of the best ways we have to deal with this difficult emotion is to articulate it, to try to express what feels inexpressable. In the words of Emily Dickinson, "'Hope' is the thing with feathers - That perches in the soul - "And sings the tune without the words - And never stops - at all -"

Frequently Occurring Word Combinations





Important Words


  1. agreed
  2. alter
  3. anatomy
  4. ancestors
  5. ancient
  6. anger
  7. animals
  8. anthropologists
  9. argument
  10. arthur
  11. articulate
  12. assumption
  13. attempting
  14. balance
  15. basic
  16. beauty
  17. believed
  18. bile
  19. black
  20. body
  21. bonds
  22. born
  23. brain
  24. bring
  25. brings
  26. brokenness
  27. bruised
  28. burton
  29. calls
  30. cavemen
  31. centuries
  32. century
  33. changing
  34. chemicals
  35. chemistry
  36. circumstances
  37. clinical
  38. closer
  39. community
  40. contemporary
  41. contend
  42. controlled
  43. crying
  44. culture
  45. current
  46. cycle
  47. dark
  48. david
  49. deal
  50. deeply
  51. depression
  52. dickinson
  53. dies
  54. diet
  55. difficult
  56. disagreement
  57. discern
  58. discussion
  59. doctors
  60. early
  61. easier
  62. ecosystems
  63. eliminate
  64. emily
  65. emotion
  66. emotional
  67. emotions
  68. engineering
  69. essential
  70. evidence
  71. evolutionary
  72. experience
  73. express
  74. expression
  75. external
  76. extremely
  77. eyes
  78. fact
  79. fall
  80. favorite
  81. feathers
  82. feel
  83. feeling
  84. feels
  85. felt
  86. find
  87. flowers
  88. fluid
  89. fluids
  90. forms
  91. friend
  92. fully
  93. gaining
  94. gathered
  95. generate
  96. genetic
  97. govern
  98. greek
  99. grief
  100. happened
  101. health
  102. heart
  103. heartbreak
  104. helped
  105. hierarchy
  106. high
  107. human
  108. humans
  109. humor
  110. humoral
  111. humors
  112. idea
  113. ideas
  114. immediately
  115. increaseth
  116. inevitable
  117. inexpressable
  118. influence
  119. influenced
  120. intelligence
  121. interested
  122. joy
  123. kinds
  124. kleinman
  125. kole
  126. language
  127. larger
  128. leaves
  129. level
  130. life
  131. long
  132. losing
  133. masterpiece
  134. means
  135. measure
  136. medical
  137. meet
  138. melaina
  139. melancholia
  140. melancholy
  141. missed
  142. moves
  143. narrow
  144. natural
  145. needed
  146. occasionally
  147. opposed
  148. originally
  149. pain
  150. paradise
  151. part
  152. partially
  153. pearce
  154. people
  155. perches
  156. person
  157. pet
  158. physical
  159. poet
  160. poets
  161. practices
  162. present
  163. pretty
  164. probing
  165. processes
  166. profound
  167. project
  168. reaction
  169. redesigned
  170. related
  171. resonate
  172. respond
  173. robert
  174. romantic
  175. sad
  176. sadness
  177. scientists
  178. secure
  179. simplest
  180. sings
  181. situation
  182. size
  183. social
  184. sorrow
  185. soul
  186. spent
  187. spring
  188. states
  189. stops
  190. strong
  191. studying
  192. subjective
  193. subjectivity
  194. suffer
  195. suffering
  196. suggest
  197. suggested
  198. support
  199. survive
  200. system
  201. systems
  202. talk
  203. talks
  204. tangible
  205. technology
  206. temperament
  207. terms
  208. thinkers
  209. thought
  210. thousands
  211. thrive
  212. time
  213. tradition
  214. trees
  215. tune
  216. understand
  217. unexplained
  218. unity
  219. universal
  220. universality
  221. universally
  222. vast
  223. view
  224. views
  225. violence
  226. ways
  227. weighs
  228. wild
  229. wisdom
  230. withdrawn
  231. wondered
  232. word
  233. words
  234. world
  235. wrote
  236. years