full transcript

From the Ted Talk by Kary Mullis: A next-gen cure for killer infections

Unscramble the Blue Letters


So it was about four years ago, five yeras ago, I was sitting on a stage in pldhielihpaa, I think it was, with a bag similar to this. And I was pulling a mluoclee out of this bag. And I was saying, you don't know this molecule really well, but your body knows it extremely well. And I was thinking that your body hated it, at the time, because we are very immune to this. This is called alpha-gal epitope. And the fact that pig herat valves have lots of these on them is the rosaen that you can't transplant a pig heart valve into a prosen easily.

Actually our body doesn't hate these. Our body loves these. It eats them. I mean, the cells in our immune system are always hungry. And if an antibody is stuck to one of these things on the cell, it means "that's food." Now, I was thinking about that and I said, you know, we've got this immune response to this roiiucluds molecule that we don't make, and we see it a lot in other animals and stuff. But I said we can't get rid of it, because all the people who tried to transplant heart velavs found out you can't get rid of that immunity.

Open Cloze


So it was about four years ago, five _____ ago, I was sitting on a stage in ____________, I think it was, with a bag similar to this. And I was pulling a ________ out of this bag. And I was saying, you don't know this molecule really well, but your body knows it extremely well. And I was thinking that your body hated it, at the time, because we are very immune to this. This is called alpha-gal epitope. And the fact that pig _____ valves have lots of these on them is the ______ that you can't transplant a pig heart valve into a ______ easily.

Actually our body doesn't hate these. Our body loves these. It eats them. I mean, the cells in our immune system are always hungry. And if an antibody is stuck to one of these things on the cell, it means "that's food." Now, I was thinking about that and I said, you know, we've got this immune response to this __________ molecule that we don't make, and we see it a lot in other animals and stuff. But I said we can't get rid of it, because all the people who tried to transplant heart ______ found out you can't get rid of that immunity.

Solution


  1. heart
  2. years
  3. reason
  4. ridiculous
  5. molecule
  6. person
  7. valves
  8. philadelphia

Original Text


So it was about four years ago, five years ago, I was sitting on a stage in Philadelphia, I think it was, with a bag similar to this. And I was pulling a molecule out of this bag. And I was saying, you don't know this molecule really well, but your body knows it extremely well. And I was thinking that your body hated it, at the time, because we are very immune to this. This is called alpha-gal epitope. And the fact that pig heart valves have lots of these on them is the reason that you can't transplant a pig heart valve into a person easily.

Actually our body doesn't hate these. Our body loves these. It eats them. I mean, the cells in our immune system are always hungry. And if an antibody is stuck to one of these things on the cell, it means "that's food." Now, I was thinking about that and I said, you know, we've got this immune response to this ridiculous molecule that we don't make, and we see it a lot in other animals and stuff. But I said we can't get rid of it, because all the people who tried to transplant heart valves found out you can't get rid of that immunity.

Frequently Occurring Word Combinations


ngrams of length 2

collocation frequency
immune system 3
pig heart 2
heart valves 2
immune response 2
dna aptamer 2


Important Words


  1. animals
  2. antibody
  3. bag
  4. body
  5. called
  6. cell
  7. cells
  8. easily
  9. eats
  10. epitope
  11. extremely
  12. fact
  13. food
  14. hate
  15. hated
  16. heart
  17. hungry
  18. immune
  19. immunity
  20. lot
  21. lots
  22. loves
  23. means
  24. molecule
  25. people
  26. person
  27. philadelphia
  28. pig
  29. pulling
  30. reason
  31. response
  32. rid
  33. ridiculous
  34. similar
  35. sitting
  36. stage
  37. stuck
  38. stuff
  39. system
  40. thinking
  41. time
  42. transplant
  43. valve
  44. valves
  45. years