full transcript

From the Ted Talk by Alison Ledgerwood: A simple trick to improve positive thinking


Unscramble the Blue Letters


Hi everyone. Gosh, I wish I could dnace, but I can't, and you really don't want me to. So instead I thought I would talk a little today about how people think. I'm fascinated by this question. I'm a social psychologist, which basically mnaes I'm a professional people watcher. So, this is what I do; I try to figure out how humans think and how we might be able to think better. Here's something I noeticd a few years ago about how I seem to think; here's a typical week in my life, which usually seems to revolve entirely around phbnisluig papers. So here I am, at maximum of my artistic abilities as a stick fiugre, going along at baseline, and a paper gets accepted. I get this rush, this blip of happiness, and then I'm back to baseline by about lnuch time. (Laughter) A few days later, a paper might get rejected, and that feels pretty aufwl. And I wait for that blip to end, but somehow I just can't stop thinking about it. Here's the craziest part: even if another paper gets accepted the next day, well, that's nice, but somehow I can't get that pesky rejection out of my head. So, what is going on here? Why does a failure seem to stick in our minds so much longer than a success? Together with my colleague Amber Boydstun in the Political Science Department, I started thinking about this question, this question of, "do our mdnis get stuck in the negatives?" We all know intuitively that there are different ways of thinking about things. The same glass, the saying goes can be seen as half-full or half-empty. There's a lot of research in the social sicneces showing that dennpdieg on how you describe the glass to people, as half-full or half-empty, it changes how they feel about it. So if you describe the glass as half-full, this is called the gain frame, because you're focusing on what's gained, then people like it. But if you describe the same glass as half-empty, a loss frame, then people don't like it. But we wondered what happens when you try to switch from thinking about it one way to thinking about it another way. Can plpoee shift back and forth, or do they get stuck in one way of thinking about it? Does one of these labels, in other words, tend to stick more in the mind? Well, to investigate this qiutsoen, we conducted a simple experiment. We told participants in our experiment about a new surgical procedure, and we randomly ansgeisd them to one of two conditions. For participants in the first condition, the first group, we described the surgical procedure in terms of gains; we said it had a 70% success rate. For participants in the second group, we described the procedure in terms of losses; we said it had a 30% failure rate. So it's the exact same procedure, we're just focusing people's anettotin on the part of the glass that's full, or the part of the glass that's empty. Perhaps urgnusrlnisipy, people like the procedure when it's described as having a 70% success rate, and they don't like it when it's described as having a 30% failure rate. But then we added a twist: we told piratinpctas in the first group, "You know, you could think of this as a 30% failure rate." And now they don't like it anymore; they've changed their minds. We told participants in the second group, "You know, you could think of this as a 70% success rate", but unlike the first group, they sutck with their initial opinion; they seemed to be stuck in the initial loss frame that they saw at the beginning of the study. We conducted another experiment. This time we told participants about the current governor of an important state who is running for re-election against his onpnoept. We again had two groups of participants, and we described the current governor's track record to them in one of two ways. We said that when the current greonvor took office, statewide budget cuts were expected to affect of about 10,000 jobs, and then half of the participants read that under the current governor's leadership 40% of these jobs had been saved. They like the current governor; they think he is doing a garet job. The rest of the participants read that under the current governor's leadership, 60% of these jobs had been lost, and they don't like the current governor; they think he's doing a terrible job. But then, once more, we added a twist. For participants in the first group, we reframed the information in temrs of losses, and now they didn't like the cnrerut governor anymore. For participants in the second group, we reframed the information in terms of gains, but just like in the first study, this didn't seem to matter. People in this group still didn't like the current governor. So notice what this means. Once the loss fmrae gets in there, it sticks. People can't go back to tininkhg about jobs saved once they thhogut about jobs lost. So in both of these scenarios actually the current governor gets ousted in favor of his opponent. At this pinot we were getting curious: why does this happen? Could it be that it's actually mlnalety harder for people to convert from lssoes to gains than it is for them to go from gains to losses? So we cneuodctd the third study to test how easily people could covert from one frame to another. This time we told participants, "Imagine there's been an outbreak of an unusual disease and six hundred lives are at stake." We asked participants in one group, "If a hundred lives are sevad, how many will be lost?" And we aeksd participants in the other group, "If a hundred lievs are lost, how many will be saved?" So everyone just has to calculate 600 minus 100, and come up with the awsenr of 500 but whereas people in one group have to convert from gains to losses in oedrr to do that, people in the second group have to convert from losses to gains. We timed how long it took them to solve this simple math problem, and what we found was that when people had to convert from gains to losses, they could solve the problem quite quickly; it took them about 7 seconds on average. But when they had to convert from losses to gains, well now it took them far longer, almost 11 seconds. So this suggests that once we think about something as a loss, that way of thinking about it tends to sictk in our heads and to rsesit our attempts to change it. What I take away from this research and from retaeld rraceesh is that our view of the world has a fundamental tedcneny to tilt toward the negative. It's pretty easy to go from good to bad, but far harder to shift from bad to good. We literally have to work harder to see the upside of things. And this matters. So, think about the economy. Here's economic well-being from 2007 to 2010. You can see it tanked, just like we all reebemmr, and then by late 2010 it has reoceverd by most objticvee maeresus. But here's consumer cdnceonife over the same time period. You can see it tanks right along with the emooncy, but then it seems to get stuck. Instead of rebounding with the economy itself, consumers seem to be psychologically stuck back there in the recession. So oddly then, it may take more effort to change our minds about how the economy is doing then to change the economy itself. On the more prnoasel level, what this research means to me is that you have to work to see the up-side. Literally, this takes work, this takes effort. And you can practice this; you can train your mind to do this better. There's research out at UC Davis, showing that just writing for a few minutes each day about things that you're grateful for can dramatically boost your happiness and well-being, and even your health. We can also rehearse good news and share it with others. We tend to think, right, that misery loves company, that vinteng will help get rid of our negative emotions, that we'll feel better if we just talk about how terrible our day was. And so we talk, and we talk, and we talk about the boss who’s driving us crazy, and that friend who never called us back, and that meeting at work where every little thing that could go wrong, did. But we forget to talk about the good stuff. And yet, that's exactly where our minds need the most practice. So, my habnusd who has this disconcerting habit of listening to what I say other people should do, and then pointing out that, technically speaking, I'm a person, too, (Laughter) has taken to listening to me for about two minutes on days when I come home all grumpy and cinilpmanog about everything, and he lsitnes, and he says, "Okay, but what happened today that was good?" So I tell him about the student who came up to me after class with this really interesting, igftnhusil question, and I tell him about the friend who emailed me out of the blue this mniorng just to say, "hello". And somewhere in the tlnelig, I start to smile, and I start to think that maybe my day was petrty decent after all. I think we can also work in our communities to focus on the uspide. We can be more aware that bad tends to stick. One mean comment can stick with somebody all day, all week even, and bad tends to patrgpoae itself, right? Somebody snaps at you and you snap back, and you snap at the next guy, too. But what if the next time somebody snepapd at you, you forgave them? What if the next time you had a really grumpy waitress, you left her an etrxa large tip? Our minds may be built to look for ngitveae information and to hold on to it, but we can also retrain our minds if we put some eofrft into it and sartt to see that the glass may be a little more full than we initially thought. Thank you. (Applause)

Open Cloze


Hi everyone. Gosh, I wish I could _____, but I can't, and you really don't want me to. So instead I thought I would talk a little today about how people think. I'm fascinated by this question. I'm a social psychologist, which basically _____ I'm a professional people watcher. So, this is what I do; I try to figure out how humans think and how we might be able to think better. Here's something I _______ a few years ago about how I seem to think; here's a typical week in my life, which usually seems to revolve entirely around __________ papers. So here I am, at maximum of my artistic abilities as a stick ______, going along at baseline, and a paper gets accepted. I get this rush, this blip of happiness, and then I'm back to baseline by about _____ time. (Laughter) A few days later, a paper might get rejected, and that feels pretty _____. And I wait for that blip to end, but somehow I just can't stop thinking about it. Here's the craziest part: even if another paper gets accepted the next day, well, that's nice, but somehow I can't get that pesky rejection out of my head. So, what is going on here? Why does a failure seem to stick in our minds so much longer than a success? Together with my colleague Amber Boydstun in the Political Science Department, I started thinking about this question, this question of, "do our _____ get stuck in the negatives?" We all know intuitively that there are different ways of thinking about things. The same glass, the saying goes can be seen as half-full or half-empty. There's a lot of research in the social ________ showing that _________ on how you describe the glass to people, as half-full or half-empty, it changes how they feel about it. So if you describe the glass as half-full, this is called the gain frame, because you're focusing on what's gained, then people like it. But if you describe the same glass as half-empty, a loss frame, then people don't like it. But we wondered what happens when you try to switch from thinking about it one way to thinking about it another way. Can ______ shift back and forth, or do they get stuck in one way of thinking about it? Does one of these labels, in other words, tend to stick more in the mind? Well, to investigate this ________, we conducted a simple experiment. We told participants in our experiment about a new surgical procedure, and we randomly ________ them to one of two conditions. For participants in the first condition, the first group, we described the surgical procedure in terms of gains; we said it had a 70% success rate. For participants in the second group, we described the procedure in terms of losses; we said it had a 30% failure rate. So it's the exact same procedure, we're just focusing people's _________ on the part of the glass that's full, or the part of the glass that's empty. Perhaps ______________, people like the procedure when it's described as having a 70% success rate, and they don't like it when it's described as having a 30% failure rate. But then we added a twist: we told ____________ in the first group, "You know, you could think of this as a 30% failure rate." And now they don't like it anymore; they've changed their minds. We told participants in the second group, "You know, you could think of this as a 70% success rate", but unlike the first group, they _____ with their initial opinion; they seemed to be stuck in the initial loss frame that they saw at the beginning of the study. We conducted another experiment. This time we told participants about the current governor of an important state who is running for re-election against his ________. We again had two groups of participants, and we described the current governor's track record to them in one of two ways. We said that when the current ________ took office, statewide budget cuts were expected to affect of about 10,000 jobs, and then half of the participants read that under the current governor's leadership 40% of these jobs had been saved. They like the current governor; they think he is doing a _____ job. The rest of the participants read that under the current governor's leadership, 60% of these jobs had been lost, and they don't like the current governor; they think he's doing a terrible job. But then, once more, we added a twist. For participants in the first group, we reframed the information in _____ of losses, and now they didn't like the _______ governor anymore. For participants in the second group, we reframed the information in terms of gains, but just like in the first study, this didn't seem to matter. People in this group still didn't like the current governor. So notice what this means. Once the loss _____ gets in there, it sticks. People can't go back to ________ about jobs saved once they _______ about jobs lost. So in both of these scenarios actually the current governor gets ousted in favor of his opponent. At this _____ we were getting curious: why does this happen? Could it be that it's actually ________ harder for people to convert from ______ to gains than it is for them to go from gains to losses? So we _________ the third study to test how easily people could covert from one frame to another. This time we told participants, "Imagine there's been an outbreak of an unusual disease and six hundred lives are at stake." We asked participants in one group, "If a hundred lives are _____, how many will be lost?" And we _____ participants in the other group, "If a hundred _____ are lost, how many will be saved?" So everyone just has to calculate 600 minus 100, and come up with the ______ of 500 but whereas people in one group have to convert from gains to losses in _____ to do that, people in the second group have to convert from losses to gains. We timed how long it took them to solve this simple math problem, and what we found was that when people had to convert from gains to losses, they could solve the problem quite quickly; it took them about 7 seconds on average. But when they had to convert from losses to gains, well now it took them far longer, almost 11 seconds. So this suggests that once we think about something as a loss, that way of thinking about it tends to _____ in our heads and to ______ our attempts to change it. What I take away from this research and from _______ ________ is that our view of the world has a fundamental ________ to tilt toward the negative. It's pretty easy to go from good to bad, but far harder to shift from bad to good. We literally have to work harder to see the upside of things. And this matters. So, think about the economy. Here's economic well-being from 2007 to 2010. You can see it tanked, just like we all ________, and then by late 2010 it has _________ by most _________ ________. But here's consumer __________ over the same time period. You can see it tanks right along with the _______, but then it seems to get stuck. Instead of rebounding with the economy itself, consumers seem to be psychologically stuck back there in the recession. So oddly then, it may take more effort to change our minds about how the economy is doing then to change the economy itself. On the more ________ level, what this research means to me is that you have to work to see the up-side. Literally, this takes work, this takes effort. And you can practice this; you can train your mind to do this better. There's research out at UC Davis, showing that just writing for a few minutes each day about things that you're grateful for can dramatically boost your happiness and well-being, and even your health. We can also rehearse good news and share it with others. We tend to think, right, that misery loves company, that _______ will help get rid of our negative emotions, that we'll feel better if we just talk about how terrible our day was. And so we talk, and we talk, and we talk about the boss who’s driving us crazy, and that friend who never called us back, and that meeting at work where every little thing that could go wrong, did. But we forget to talk about the good stuff. And yet, that's exactly where our minds need the most practice. So, my _______ who has this disconcerting habit of listening to what I say other people should do, and then pointing out that, technically speaking, I'm a person, too, (Laughter) has taken to listening to me for about two minutes on days when I come home all grumpy and ___________ about everything, and he _______, and he says, "Okay, but what happened today that was good?" So I tell him about the student who came up to me after class with this really interesting, __________ question, and I tell him about the friend who emailed me out of the blue this _______ just to say, "hello". And somewhere in the _______, I start to smile, and I start to think that maybe my day was ______ decent after all. I think we can also work in our communities to focus on the ______. We can be more aware that bad tends to stick. One mean comment can stick with somebody all day, all week even, and bad tends to _________ itself, right? Somebody snaps at you and you snap back, and you snap at the next guy, too. But what if the next time somebody _______ at you, you forgave them? What if the next time you had a really grumpy waitress, you left her an _____ large tip? Our minds may be built to look for ________ information and to hold on to it, but we can also retrain our minds if we put some ______ into it and _____ to see that the glass may be a little more full than we initially thought. Thank you. (Applause)

Solution


  1. people
  2. terms
  3. confidence
  4. unsurprisingly
  5. personal
  6. venting
  7. sciences
  8. pretty
  9. extra
  10. noticed
  11. current
  12. answer
  13. resist
  14. minds
  15. saved
  16. research
  17. awful
  18. participants
  19. lives
  20. measures
  21. stuck
  22. husband
  23. thought
  24. listens
  25. order
  26. governor
  27. upside
  28. opponent
  29. complaining
  30. asked
  31. publishing
  32. telling
  33. figure
  34. remember
  35. conducted
  36. dance
  37. stick
  38. negative
  39. frame
  40. depending
  41. great
  42. start
  43. related
  44. snapped
  45. lunch
  46. question
  47. insightful
  48. mentally
  49. propagate
  50. recovered
  51. point
  52. effort
  53. losses
  54. attention
  55. objective
  56. assigned
  57. morning
  58. economy
  59. tendency
  60. means
  61. thinking

Original Text


Hi everyone. Gosh, I wish I could dance, but I can't, and you really don't want me to. So instead I thought I would talk a little today about how people think. I'm fascinated by this question. I'm a social psychologist, which basically means I'm a professional people watcher. So, this is what I do; I try to figure out how humans think and how we might be able to think better. Here's something I noticed a few years ago about how I seem to think; here's a typical week in my life, which usually seems to revolve entirely around publishing papers. So here I am, at maximum of my artistic abilities as a stick figure, going along at baseline, and a paper gets accepted. I get this rush, this blip of happiness, and then I'm back to baseline by about lunch time. (Laughter) A few days later, a paper might get rejected, and that feels pretty awful. And I wait for that blip to end, but somehow I just can't stop thinking about it. Here's the craziest part: even if another paper gets accepted the next day, well, that's nice, but somehow I can't get that pesky rejection out of my head. So, what is going on here? Why does a failure seem to stick in our minds so much longer than a success? Together with my colleague Amber Boydstun in the Political Science Department, I started thinking about this question, this question of, "do our minds get stuck in the negatives?" We all know intuitively that there are different ways of thinking about things. The same glass, the saying goes can be seen as half-full or half-empty. There's a lot of research in the social sciences showing that depending on how you describe the glass to people, as half-full or half-empty, it changes how they feel about it. So if you describe the glass as half-full, this is called the gain frame, because you're focusing on what's gained, then people like it. But if you describe the same glass as half-empty, a loss frame, then people don't like it. But we wondered what happens when you try to switch from thinking about it one way to thinking about it another way. Can people shift back and forth, or do they get stuck in one way of thinking about it? Does one of these labels, in other words, tend to stick more in the mind? Well, to investigate this question, we conducted a simple experiment. We told participants in our experiment about a new surgical procedure, and we randomly assigned them to one of two conditions. For participants in the first condition, the first group, we described the surgical procedure in terms of gains; we said it had a 70% success rate. For participants in the second group, we described the procedure in terms of losses; we said it had a 30% failure rate. So it's the exact same procedure, we're just focusing people's attention on the part of the glass that's full, or the part of the glass that's empty. Perhaps unsurprisingly, people like the procedure when it's described as having a 70% success rate, and they don't like it when it's described as having a 30% failure rate. But then we added a twist: we told participants in the first group, "You know, you could think of this as a 30% failure rate." And now they don't like it anymore; they've changed their minds. We told participants in the second group, "You know, you could think of this as a 70% success rate", but unlike the first group, they stuck with their initial opinion; they seemed to be stuck in the initial loss frame that they saw at the beginning of the study. We conducted another experiment. This time we told participants about the current governor of an important state who is running for re-election against his opponent. We again had two groups of participants, and we described the current governor's track record to them in one of two ways. We said that when the current governor took office, statewide budget cuts were expected to affect of about 10,000 jobs, and then half of the participants read that under the current governor's leadership 40% of these jobs had been saved. They like the current governor; they think he is doing a great job. The rest of the participants read that under the current governor's leadership, 60% of these jobs had been lost, and they don't like the current governor; they think he's doing a terrible job. But then, once more, we added a twist. For participants in the first group, we reframed the information in terms of losses, and now they didn't like the current governor anymore. For participants in the second group, we reframed the information in terms of gains, but just like in the first study, this didn't seem to matter. People in this group still didn't like the current governor. So notice what this means. Once the loss frame gets in there, it sticks. People can't go back to thinking about jobs saved once they thought about jobs lost. So in both of these scenarios actually the current governor gets ousted in favor of his opponent. At this point we were getting curious: why does this happen? Could it be that it's actually mentally harder for people to convert from losses to gains than it is for them to go from gains to losses? So we conducted the third study to test how easily people could covert from one frame to another. This time we told participants, "Imagine there's been an outbreak of an unusual disease and six hundred lives are at stake." We asked participants in one group, "If a hundred lives are saved, how many will be lost?" And we asked participants in the other group, "If a hundred lives are lost, how many will be saved?" So everyone just has to calculate 600 minus 100, and come up with the answer of 500 but whereas people in one group have to convert from gains to losses in order to do that, people in the second group have to convert from losses to gains. We timed how long it took them to solve this simple math problem, and what we found was that when people had to convert from gains to losses, they could solve the problem quite quickly; it took them about 7 seconds on average. But when they had to convert from losses to gains, well now it took them far longer, almost 11 seconds. So this suggests that once we think about something as a loss, that way of thinking about it tends to stick in our heads and to resist our attempts to change it. What I take away from this research and from related research is that our view of the world has a fundamental tendency to tilt toward the negative. It's pretty easy to go from good to bad, but far harder to shift from bad to good. We literally have to work harder to see the upside of things. And this matters. So, think about the economy. Here's economic well-being from 2007 to 2010. You can see it tanked, just like we all remember, and then by late 2010 it has recovered by most objective measures. But here's consumer confidence over the same time period. You can see it tanks right along with the economy, but then it seems to get stuck. Instead of rebounding with the economy itself, consumers seem to be psychologically stuck back there in the recession. So oddly then, it may take more effort to change our minds about how the economy is doing then to change the economy itself. On the more personal level, what this research means to me is that you have to work to see the up-side. Literally, this takes work, this takes effort. And you can practice this; you can train your mind to do this better. There's research out at UC Davis, showing that just writing for a few minutes each day about things that you're grateful for can dramatically boost your happiness and well-being, and even your health. We can also rehearse good news and share it with others. We tend to think, right, that misery loves company, that venting will help get rid of our negative emotions, that we'll feel better if we just talk about how terrible our day was. And so we talk, and we talk, and we talk about the boss who’s driving us crazy, and that friend who never called us back, and that meeting at work where every little thing that could go wrong, did. But we forget to talk about the good stuff. And yet, that's exactly where our minds need the most practice. So, my husband who has this disconcerting habit of listening to what I say other people should do, and then pointing out that, technically speaking, I'm a person, too, (Laughter) has taken to listening to me for about two minutes on days when I come home all grumpy and complaining about everything, and he listens, and he says, "Okay, but what happened today that was good?" So I tell him about the student who came up to me after class with this really interesting, insightful question, and I tell him about the friend who emailed me out of the blue this morning just to say, "hello". And somewhere in the telling, I start to smile, and I start to think that maybe my day was pretty decent after all. I think we can also work in our communities to focus on the upside. We can be more aware that bad tends to stick. One mean comment can stick with somebody all day, all week even, and bad tends to propagate itself, right? Somebody snaps at you and you snap back, and you snap at the next guy, too. But what if the next time somebody snapped at you, you forgave them? What if the next time you had a really grumpy waitress, you left her an extra large tip? Our minds may be built to look for negative information and to hold on to it, but we can also retrain our minds if we put some effort into it and start to see that the glass may be a little more full than we initially thought. Thank you. (Applause)

Frequently Occurring Word Combinations


ngrams of length 2

collocation frequency
current governor 5
told participants 4
failure rate 2
loss frame 2
participants read 2
asked participants 2



Important Words


  1. abilities
  2. accepted
  3. added
  4. affect
  5. amber
  6. answer
  7. anymore
  8. applause
  9. artistic
  10. asked
  11. assigned
  12. attempts
  13. attention
  14. average
  15. aware
  16. awful
  17. bad
  18. baseline
  19. basically
  20. beginning
  21. blip
  22. blue
  23. boost
  24. boss
  25. boydstun
  26. budget
  27. built
  28. calculate
  29. called
  30. change
  31. changed
  32. class
  33. colleague
  34. comment
  35. communities
  36. company
  37. complaining
  38. condition
  39. conditions
  40. conducted
  41. confidence
  42. consumer
  43. consumers
  44. convert
  45. covert
  46. craziest
  47. crazy
  48. current
  49. cuts
  50. dance
  51. davis
  52. day
  53. days
  54. decent
  55. department
  56. depending
  57. describe
  58. disconcerting
  59. disease
  60. dramatically
  61. driving
  62. easily
  63. easy
  64. economic
  65. economy
  66. effort
  67. emailed
  68. emotions
  69. empty
  70. exact
  71. expected
  72. experiment
  73. extra
  74. failure
  75. fascinated
  76. favor
  77. feel
  78. feels
  79. figure
  80. focus
  81. focusing
  82. forgave
  83. forget
  84. frame
  85. friend
  86. full
  87. fundamental
  88. gain
  89. gained
  90. gains
  91. glass
  92. good
  93. gosh
  94. governor
  95. grateful
  96. great
  97. group
  98. groups
  99. grumpy
  100. guy
  101. habit
  102. happen
  103. happened
  104. happiness
  105. harder
  106. head
  107. heads
  108. health
  109. hold
  110. home
  111. humans
  112. husband
  113. important
  114. information
  115. initial
  116. initially
  117. insightful
  118. interesting
  119. intuitively
  120. investigate
  121. job
  122. jobs
  123. labels
  124. large
  125. late
  126. laughter
  127. leadership
  128. left
  129. level
  130. life
  131. listening
  132. listens
  133. literally
  134. lives
  135. long
  136. longer
  137. loss
  138. losses
  139. lost
  140. lot
  141. loves
  142. lunch
  143. math
  144. matter
  145. matters
  146. maximum
  147. means
  148. measures
  149. meeting
  150. mentally
  151. mind
  152. minds
  153. minutes
  154. misery
  155. morning
  156. negative
  157. negatives
  158. news
  159. nice
  160. notice
  161. noticed
  162. objective
  163. oddly
  164. office
  165. opponent
  166. order
  167. ousted
  168. outbreak
  169. paper
  170. papers
  171. part
  172. participants
  173. people
  174. period
  175. person
  176. personal
  177. pesky
  178. point
  179. pointing
  180. political
  181. practice
  182. pretty
  183. problem
  184. procedure
  185. professional
  186. propagate
  187. psychologically
  188. psychologist
  189. publishing
  190. put
  191. question
  192. randomly
  193. rate
  194. read
  195. rebounding
  196. recession
  197. record
  198. recovered
  199. reframed
  200. rehearse
  201. rejected
  202. rejection
  203. related
  204. remember
  205. research
  206. resist
  207. rest
  208. retrain
  209. revolve
  210. rid
  211. running
  212. rush
  213. saved
  214. scenarios
  215. science
  216. sciences
  217. seconds
  218. share
  219. shift
  220. showing
  221. simple
  222. smile
  223. snap
  224. snapped
  225. snaps
  226. social
  227. solve
  228. speaking
  229. stake
  230. start
  231. started
  232. state
  233. statewide
  234. stick
  235. sticks
  236. stop
  237. stuck
  238. student
  239. study
  240. stuff
  241. success
  242. suggests
  243. surgical
  244. switch
  245. takes
  246. talk
  247. tanked
  248. tanks
  249. technically
  250. telling
  251. tend
  252. tendency
  253. terms
  254. terrible
  255. test
  256. thinking
  257. thought
  258. tilt
  259. time
  260. timed
  261. tip
  262. today
  263. told
  264. track
  265. train
  266. twist
  267. typical
  268. uc
  269. unsurprisingly
  270. unusual
  271. upside
  272. venting
  273. view
  274. wait
  275. waitress
  276. watcher
  277. ways
  278. week
  279. wondered
  280. words
  281. work
  282. world
  283. writing
  284. wrong
  285. years