full transcript

From the Ted Talk by Asaf Bar-Yosef: An athlete uses physics to shatter world records


Unscramble the Blue Letters


In the early 1960s, Dick Fosbury tried his hand at almost every sport, but never execlled at anything, until, at the age of 16, he trnued to the high jump. But when he couldn't compete against the strong athletes at his college using the standard high jump techniques of the time, frsbouy tried to jump a different way: backwards. Instead of jnmipug with his face towards the bar, bringing each leg over in the traditional straddle method, he jumped with his back towards the bar. Fosbury improved his record by over half a foot, and left his coaches amazed by this strange new slyte of high jumping. During the next few yares, Fosbury perfected his high jump style, won the U.S. National trials, and assured his place in the 1968 omiclpys in Mexico. In the Olympic Games, Fosbury amazed the wlrod with his new technique, winning a gold metal with an Olympic record leap of 2.24 meters. By the next omiylpc gmeas, almost all of the competing of high jumpers had adopted what came to be known as the Fosbury Flop. What's the secret behind the technique? It lies in a physics concept claeld the center of mass. For every object, we can lcoate the average position of all of its mass by taking into acocunt how the mass is spread around the object. For itancsne, the center of mass of a flat, rectangular object of uniform density will be in the intersection of both diagonals, in equal distance from each corner. We can find the center of mass for other objects by similar calculations, or by finding the object's balancing point, which lies right underneath its center of mass. Try balancing a broom by hlindog it and sollwy bnirnigg your hdans together until they meet. This balcaning point lies right underneath the broom's center of mass. We humans also have a center of mass. When most people stand up, their center of mass is around the blley, but what happens to your center of mass when you lift your hands in the air? Your center of mass moves upwards. It moves all the time as you move through the day, based on how your body is positioned. It can even move outside of your body. When you bend forward, your center of mass is located below your bent belly in a place where there is no mass at all. Weird to think about, but that's the average position of all your mass. Many objects' center of mass are outside their bodies. Think of doughnuts or boomerangs. Now look at the Fosbury Flop, and follow the position of the center of mass of the jumper. The jmpuer runs very fast, so he can divert his horizontal vticoely to vertical velocity, and jumps. Wait for it...there. Look at the jumper's center of mass as his body bends backward. It's below the bar. That is the secret behind the jump. With the old, pre-Fosbury techniques, the jumper had to apply enough focre to lift his center of mass above the bar by a few ihnces in order to clear it. The Fosbury Flopper doesn't have to do that. The genius of the Fosbury Flop is that the jumper can apply the same amount of force, but raise his body much higher than before. That means he can rsaie the bar so high that even when his cneter of mass can't go any hihger, his arching body can. Fosbury's technique brought the high jump to new hgteihs by splitting the jumper's body away from his center of mass, giving it that much more room to claer higher and higher bars. So the Fosbury Flop may be srotps history's only garet leap forward, that is also a great leap backward.

Open Cloze


In the early 1960s, Dick Fosbury tried his hand at almost every sport, but never ________ at anything, until, at the age of 16, he ______ to the high jump. But when he couldn't compete against the strong athletes at his college using the standard high jump techniques of the time, _______ tried to jump a different way: backwards. Instead of _______ with his face towards the bar, bringing each leg over in the traditional straddle method, he jumped with his back towards the bar. Fosbury improved his record by over half a foot, and left his coaches amazed by this strange new _____ of high jumping. During the next few _____, Fosbury perfected his high jump style, won the U.S. National trials, and assured his place in the 1968 ________ in Mexico. In the Olympic Games, Fosbury amazed the _____ with his new technique, winning a gold metal with an Olympic record leap of 2.24 meters. By the next _______ _____, almost all of the competing of high jumpers had adopted what came to be known as the Fosbury Flop. What's the secret behind the technique? It lies in a physics concept ______ the center of mass. For every object, we can ______ the average position of all of its mass by taking into _______ how the mass is spread around the object. For ________, the center of mass of a flat, rectangular object of uniform density will be in the intersection of both diagonals, in equal distance from each corner. We can find the center of mass for other objects by similar calculations, or by finding the object's balancing point, which lies right underneath its center of mass. Try balancing a broom by _______ it and ______ ________ your _____ together until they meet. This _________ point lies right underneath the broom's center of mass. We humans also have a center of mass. When most people stand up, their center of mass is around the _____, but what happens to your center of mass when you lift your hands in the air? Your center of mass moves upwards. It moves all the time as you move through the day, based on how your body is positioned. It can even move outside of your body. When you bend forward, your center of mass is located below your bent belly in a place where there is no mass at all. Weird to think about, but that's the average position of all your mass. Many objects' center of mass are outside their bodies. Think of doughnuts or boomerangs. Now look at the Fosbury Flop, and follow the position of the center of mass of the jumper. The ______ runs very fast, so he can divert his horizontal ________ to vertical velocity, and jumps. Wait for it...there. Look at the jumper's center of mass as his body bends backward. It's below the bar. That is the secret behind the jump. With the old, pre-Fosbury techniques, the jumper had to apply enough _____ to lift his center of mass above the bar by a few ______ in order to clear it. The Fosbury Flopper doesn't have to do that. The genius of the Fosbury Flop is that the jumper can apply the same amount of force, but raise his body much higher than before. That means he can _____ the bar so high that even when his ______ of mass can't go any ______, his arching body can. Fosbury's technique brought the high jump to new _______ by splitting the jumper's body away from his center of mass, giving it that much more room to _____ higher and higher bars. So the Fosbury Flop may be ______ history's only _____ leap forward, that is also a great leap backward.

Solution


  1. olympics
  2. years
  3. balancing
  4. higher
  5. jumping
  6. heights
  7. called
  8. excelled
  9. slowly
  10. clear
  11. turned
  12. center
  13. account
  14. velocity
  15. fosbury
  16. raise
  17. force
  18. world
  19. olympic
  20. sports
  21. locate
  22. style
  23. great
  24. inches
  25. holding
  26. jumper
  27. instance
  28. games
  29. bringing
  30. hands
  31. belly

Original Text


In the early 1960s, Dick Fosbury tried his hand at almost every sport, but never excelled at anything, until, at the age of 16, he turned to the high jump. But when he couldn't compete against the strong athletes at his college using the standard high jump techniques of the time, Fosbury tried to jump a different way: backwards. Instead of jumping with his face towards the bar, bringing each leg over in the traditional straddle method, he jumped with his back towards the bar. Fosbury improved his record by over half a foot, and left his coaches amazed by this strange new style of high jumping. During the next few years, Fosbury perfected his high jump style, won the U.S. National trials, and assured his place in the 1968 Olympics in Mexico. In the Olympic Games, Fosbury amazed the world with his new technique, winning a gold metal with an Olympic record leap of 2.24 meters. By the next Olympic Games, almost all of the competing of high jumpers had adopted what came to be known as the Fosbury Flop. What's the secret behind the technique? It lies in a physics concept called the center of mass. For every object, we can locate the average position of all of its mass by taking into account how the mass is spread around the object. For instance, the center of mass of a flat, rectangular object of uniform density will be in the intersection of both diagonals, in equal distance from each corner. We can find the center of mass for other objects by similar calculations, or by finding the object's balancing point, which lies right underneath its center of mass. Try balancing a broom by holding it and slowly bringing your hands together until they meet. This balancing point lies right underneath the broom's center of mass. We humans also have a center of mass. When most people stand up, their center of mass is around the belly, but what happens to your center of mass when you lift your hands in the air? Your center of mass moves upwards. It moves all the time as you move through the day, based on how your body is positioned. It can even move outside of your body. When you bend forward, your center of mass is located below your bent belly in a place where there is no mass at all. Weird to think about, but that's the average position of all your mass. Many objects' center of mass are outside their bodies. Think of doughnuts or boomerangs. Now look at the Fosbury Flop, and follow the position of the center of mass of the jumper. The jumper runs very fast, so he can divert his horizontal velocity to vertical velocity, and jumps. Wait for it...there. Look at the jumper's center of mass as his body bends backward. It's below the bar. That is the secret behind the jump. With the old, pre-Fosbury techniques, the jumper had to apply enough force to lift his center of mass above the bar by a few inches in order to clear it. The Fosbury Flopper doesn't have to do that. The genius of the Fosbury Flop is that the jumper can apply the same amount of force, but raise his body much higher than before. That means he can raise the bar so high that even when his center of mass can't go any higher, his arching body can. Fosbury's technique brought the high jump to new heights by splitting the jumper's body away from his center of mass, giving it that much more room to clear higher and higher bars. So the Fosbury Flop may be sports history's only great leap forward, that is also a great leap backward.

Frequently Occurring Word Combinations


ngrams of length 2

collocation frequency
high jump 4
fosbury flop 3
average position 2
great leap 2



Important Words


  1. account
  2. adopted
  3. age
  4. air
  5. amazed
  6. amount
  7. apply
  8. arching
  9. assured
  10. athletes
  11. average
  12. balancing
  13. bar
  14. bars
  15. based
  16. belly
  17. bend
  18. bends
  19. bent
  20. bodies
  21. body
  22. boomerangs
  23. bringing
  24. broom
  25. brought
  26. calculations
  27. called
  28. center
  29. clear
  30. coaches
  31. college
  32. compete
  33. competing
  34. concept
  35. corner
  36. day
  37. density
  38. diagonals
  39. dick
  40. distance
  41. divert
  42. doughnuts
  43. early
  44. equal
  45. excelled
  46. face
  47. fast
  48. find
  49. finding
  50. flat
  51. flop
  52. flopper
  53. follow
  54. foot
  55. force
  56. fosbury
  57. games
  58. genius
  59. giving
  60. gold
  61. great
  62. hand
  63. hands
  64. heights
  65. high
  66. higher
  67. holding
  68. horizontal
  69. humans
  70. improved
  71. inches
  72. instance
  73. intersection
  74. jump
  75. jumped
  76. jumper
  77. jumpers
  78. jumping
  79. jumps
  80. leap
  81. left
  82. leg
  83. lies
  84. lift
  85. locate
  86. located
  87. mass
  88. means
  89. meet
  90. metal
  91. meters
  92. method
  93. mexico
  94. move
  95. moves
  96. national
  97. object
  98. objects
  99. olympic
  100. olympics
  101. order
  102. people
  103. perfected
  104. physics
  105. place
  106. point
  107. position
  108. positioned
  109. raise
  110. record
  111. rectangular
  112. room
  113. runs
  114. secret
  115. similar
  116. slowly
  117. splitting
  118. sport
  119. sports
  120. spread
  121. stand
  122. standard
  123. straddle
  124. strange
  125. strong
  126. style
  127. technique
  128. techniques
  129. time
  130. traditional
  131. trials
  132. turned
  133. uniform
  134. velocity
  135. vertical
  136. wait
  137. weird
  138. winning
  139. won
  140. world
  141. years