full transcript
From the Ted Talk by Geraldine Hamilton: Body parts on a chip
Unscramble the Blue Letters
And it's not just beautiful. It can do a tremendous amount of things. We have lviing cells in that little chip, cells that are in a dynamic environment incretnatig with different cell types. There's been many people trying to grow cells in the lab. They've tried many different approaches. They've even tried to grow little mini-organs in the lab. We're not trying to do that here. We're simply trying to recreate in this tiny chip the smallest functional unit that rerpstenes the biochemistry, the function and the mechanical srtian that the cells experience in our bioeds. So how does it work? Let me show you. We use techniques from the computer chip miatfuracunng industry to make these structures at a scale rlaeenvt to both the cells and their environment. We have three fluidic channels. In the center, we have a puroos, flexible membrane on which we can add human cells from, say, our lungs, and then underneath, they had capillary cells, the cells in our blood vseesls. And we can then apply mechanical forces to the chip that stretch and ccntaort the membrane, so the cells experience the same mechanical forces that they did when we breathe. And they experience them how they did in the body. There's air flowing through the top channel, and then we flow a liquid that contains nutrients through the blood channel. Now the chip is really beautiful, but what can we do with it? We can get incredible finintutacloy inside these little chips. Let me show you. We could, for example, mimic infection, where we add baaerctil cells into the lung. then we can add human white blood cells. wtihe boold cells are our body's defense against bacterial invaders, and when they snsee this inflammation due to infection, they will enter from the blood into the lung and engulf the bacteria. Well now you're going to see this hnpiaepng live in an actual human lung on a chip. We've labeled the white blood clels so you can see them flowing through, and when they dcteet that infection, they begin to stick. They stick, and then they try to go into the lung side from blood cnhenal. And you can see here, we can actually visualize a single white blood cell. It sticks, it wgglies its way through between the cell layers, through the pore, comes out on the other side of the membrane, and right there, it's going to engulf the biatcera labeled in geren. In that tiny chip, you just witnessed one of the most fundamental rneseosps our body has to an infection. It's the way we respond to — an immune response. It's pretty exciting.
Open Cloze
And it's not just beautiful. It can do a tremendous amount of things. We have ______ cells in that little chip, cells that are in a dynamic environment ___________ with different cell types. There's been many people trying to grow cells in the lab. They've tried many different approaches. They've even tried to grow little mini-organs in the lab. We're not trying to do that here. We're simply trying to recreate in this tiny chip the smallest functional unit that __________ the biochemistry, the function and the mechanical ______ that the cells experience in our ______. So how does it work? Let me show you. We use techniques from the computer chip _____________ industry to make these structures at a scale ________ to both the cells and their environment. We have three fluidic channels. In the center, we have a ______, flexible membrane on which we can add human cells from, say, our lungs, and then underneath, they had capillary cells, the cells in our blood _______. And we can then apply mechanical forces to the chip that stretch and ________ the membrane, so the cells experience the same mechanical forces that they did when we breathe. And they experience them how they did in the body. There's air flowing through the top channel, and then we flow a liquid that contains nutrients through the blood channel. Now the chip is really beautiful, but what can we do with it? We can get incredible _____________ inside these little chips. Let me show you. We could, for example, mimic infection, where we add _________ cells into the lung. then we can add human white blood cells. _____ _____ cells are our body's defense against bacterial invaders, and when they _____ this inflammation due to infection, they will enter from the blood into the lung and engulf the bacteria. Well now you're going to see this _________ live in an actual human lung on a chip. We've labeled the white blood _____ so you can see them flowing through, and when they ______ that infection, they begin to stick. They stick, and then they try to go into the lung side from blood _______. And you can see here, we can actually visualize a single white blood cell. It sticks, it _______ its way through between the cell layers, through the pore, comes out on the other side of the membrane, and right there, it's going to engulf the ________ labeled in _____. In that tiny chip, you just witnessed one of the most fundamental _________ our body has to an infection. It's the way we respond to — an immune response. It's pretty exciting.
Solution
- porous
- detect
- represents
- happening
- sense
- living
- strain
- manufacturing
- bodies
- white
- functionality
- cells
- wiggles
- relevant
- blood
- green
- responses
- contract
- channel
- vessels
- interacting
- bacteria
- bacterial
Original Text
And it's not just beautiful. It can do a tremendous amount of things. We have living cells in that little chip, cells that are in a dynamic environment interacting with different cell types. There's been many people trying to grow cells in the lab. They've tried many different approaches. They've even tried to grow little mini-organs in the lab. We're not trying to do that here. We're simply trying to recreate in this tiny chip the smallest functional unit that represents the biochemistry, the function and the mechanical strain that the cells experience in our bodies. So how does it work? Let me show you. We use techniques from the computer chip manufacturing industry to make these structures at a scale relevant to both the cells and their environment. We have three fluidic channels. In the center, we have a porous, flexible membrane on which we can add human cells from, say, our lungs, and then underneath, they had capillary cells, the cells in our blood vessels. And we can then apply mechanical forces to the chip that stretch and contract the membrane, so the cells experience the same mechanical forces that they did when we breathe. And they experience them how they did in the body. There's air flowing through the top channel, and then we flow a liquid that contains nutrients through the blood channel. Now the chip is really beautiful, but what can we do with it? We can get incredible functionality inside these little chips. Let me show you. We could, for example, mimic infection, where we add bacterial cells into the lung. then we can add human white blood cells. White blood cells are our body's defense against bacterial invaders, and when they sense this inflammation due to infection, they will enter from the blood into the lung and engulf the bacteria. Well now you're going to see this happening live in an actual human lung on a chip. We've labeled the white blood cells so you can see them flowing through, and when they detect that infection, they begin to stick. They stick, and then they try to go into the lung side from blood channel. And you can see here, we can actually visualize a single white blood cell. It sticks, it wiggles its way through between the cell layers, through the pore, comes out on the other side of the membrane, and right there, it's going to engulf the bacteria labeled in green. In that tiny chip, you just witnessed one of the most fundamental responses our body has to an infection. It's the way we respond to — an immune response. It's pretty exciting.
Frequently Occurring Word Combinations
ngrams of length 2
| collocation |
frequency |
| white blood |
4 |
| cells experience |
3 |
| mechanical forces |
3 |
| blood cells |
3 |
| clinical trials |
3 |
| animal testing |
2 |
| dynamic environments |
2 |
| human lung |
2 |
| add human |
2 |
| human cells |
2 |
| blood channel |
2 |
| pretty exciting |
2 |
| organ chips |
2 |
| adverse drug |
2 |
| stem cells |
2 |
ngrams of length 3
| collocation |
frequency |
| white blood cells |
3 |
Important Words
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- add
- air
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- mimic
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- people
- pore
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- respond
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- scale
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- simply
- single
- smallest
- stick
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- structures
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- tiny
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- types
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- visualize
- white
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- witnessed
- work