full transcript

From the Ted Talk by Seth Berkley: HIV and flu -- the vaccine strategy

Unscramble the Blue Letters


(Music)

Narrator: A vaccine tinras the body in avcnade how to recognize and neutralize a specific invader. After HIV penetrates the body's mucosal barriers, it infects immune cells to replicate. The ivdaner draws the attention of the immune system's front-line troops. Dendritic clles, or maerpcaohgs, cptraue the virus and display pieces of it. Memory cells generated by the HIV vaccine are activated when they learn HIV is present from the front-line troops. These meormy cells immediately deploy the exact wneapos needed. Memory B cells turn into plasma cells, which produce wave after wave of the specific anoeiitdbs that latch onto HIV to prevent it from infecting cells, while squadrons of killer T cells seek out and destroy cells that are already HIV ieenctfd. The virus is defeetad. Without a vaccine, these responses would have taken more than a week. By that time, the battle against HIV would already have been lost.

Open Cloze


(Music)

Narrator: A vaccine ______ the body in _______ how to recognize and neutralize a specific invader. After HIV penetrates the body's mucosal barriers, it infects immune cells to replicate. The _______ draws the attention of the immune system's front-line troops. Dendritic _____, or ___________, _______ the virus and display pieces of it. Memory cells generated by the HIV vaccine are activated when they learn HIV is present from the front-line troops. These ______ cells immediately deploy the exact _______ needed. Memory B cells turn into plasma cells, which produce wave after wave of the specific __________ that latch onto HIV to prevent it from infecting cells, while squadrons of killer T cells seek out and destroy cells that are already HIV ________. The virus is ________. Without a vaccine, these responses would have taken more than a week. By that time, the battle against HIV would already have been lost.

Solution


  1. invader
  2. memory
  3. cells
  4. capture
  5. weapons
  6. defeated
  7. macrophages
  8. trains
  9. advance
  10. antibodies
  11. infected

Original Text


(Music)

Narrator: A vaccine trains the body in advance how to recognize and neutralize a specific invader. After HIV penetrates the body's mucosal barriers, it infects immune cells to replicate. The invader draws the attention of the immune system's front-line troops. Dendritic cells, or macrophages, capture the virus and display pieces of it. Memory cells generated by the HIV vaccine are activated when they learn HIV is present from the front-line troops. These memory cells immediately deploy the exact weapons needed. Memory B cells turn into plasma cells, which produce wave after wave of the specific antibodies that latch onto HIV to prevent it from infecting cells, while squadrons of killer T cells seek out and destroy cells that are already HIV infected. The virus is defeated. Without a vaccine, these responses would have taken more than a week. By that time, the battle against HIV would already have been lost.

Frequently Occurring Word Combinations


ngrams of length 2

collocation frequency
immune system 4
million people 3
vaccines work 3
hiv vaccine 3
flu virus 3
flu vaccine 3
chicken eggs 3
flu pandemic 2
death sentence 2
united states 2
infectious diseases 2
memory cells 2
hiv infected 2
wild bird 2
broadly neutralizing 2
neutralizing antibodies 2
virus mutates 2
vaccine design 2
universal flu 2
million doses 2
swine flu 2
entire world 2

ngrams of length 3

collocation frequency
broadly neutralizing antibodies 2

Important Words


  1. activated
  2. advance
  3. antibodies
  4. attention
  5. barriers
  6. battle
  7. body
  8. capture
  9. cells
  10. defeated
  11. dendritic
  12. deploy
  13. destroy
  14. display
  15. draws
  16. exact
  17. generated
  18. hiv
  19. immediately
  20. immune
  21. infected
  22. infecting
  23. infects
  24. invader
  25. killer
  26. latch
  27. learn
  28. lost
  29. macrophages
  30. memory
  31. mucosal
  32. music
  33. needed
  34. neutralize
  35. penetrates
  36. pieces
  37. plasma
  38. present
  39. prevent
  40. produce
  41. recognize
  42. replicate
  43. responses
  44. seek
  45. specific
  46. squadrons
  47. time
  48. trains
  49. troops
  50. turn
  51. vaccine
  52. virus
  53. wave
  54. weapons
  55. week