full transcript

From the Ted Talk by Macinley Butson: How ancient technology inspired my award-winning inventions


Unscramble the Blue Letters


So, today, I want to start by going back, to be specific, about 2,000 years. Now, I want you to picture acnneit Rome. What images come to mind? The gdioaalrts, Colosseum, Julius caaser? Or maybe armies wearing scale mail, perhaps a bit like this. Now, I want to change your focus to a modern-day oncology unit, specifically women who are undergoing radiotherapy breast cancer treatment. Can you see a cincoonetn? Now, there's nothing obvious; I can grant you that, but today I would like to talk to you about two of my major science peocrjts, both of which were inspired by the past: scale mail and ancient Egyptian wtaer clocks, to help solve two very different problems. I'm 16 yraes old, and I love science and engineering, in case you hadn't guessed from the T-shirt. As a snsiteict, I am, along with so many others, cltasonnty thinking about where we'll be in five years, in 10 years, even in 50 years' time, the question which constantly drives our curiosity and our imagination to help svole global plebrmos with simple answers. Whether this be clean energy or health, there are major cenrcons fcniag our planet today. Now, not only is our generation going to inherit these problems, but we're also creating new ones for ourselves. But I believe that when it comes to coming up with solutions, we can look to the past. We can use the past to change the frutue, taking things that have been used before and repurposing them in a different way. Now, if you've ever gone to the dentist for an X-ray, you'll be familiar with this scene: the dentist comes into the room, they place a lead apron over the top of you whilst they qclukiy jump out, and you get your X-ray. Well, this is a similar type shield that might be used if you're undergoing rohdriateapy breast caencr treatment, but it isn't failsafe. The lead that they use is toxic, it costs a lot of money, and it ctoss a lot of time for the centers, which is why they tend to opt out of this decision. However, this means that the women who are uinrodgneg this treatment will receive harmful unwanted radiation to their contralateral breast, which is just a fancy word for the breast that's not being treated, and this is an unwanted byproduct of being free of cancer. Studies have shown that one in 14 wmoen who undergo this ttreaemnt will develop a second primary cancer in this breast later in their lifetime, which is where my idea for scale mail comes in, something which I've learned about in movies and museums. Could this ancient shielding technique be more effective than what we're using tdaoy? Now, some early forms of sacle mail were documented by the cshneie, who used them to protect their horses during battle. The jeapanse samurai used to beat individual leaves, replicating that of fish scales, [which] was also found in Roman and Persian airems and is also found on this very cute animal called the pangolin, which is very effective for protection. So this is my device called the SMART armor, which stands for "Scale Mail Armor for Radiation Therapy." So I made this by meticulously and painfully interweaving these individual scales together, using pliers and jump rigns for what felt like an eternity. So, to test my device, I used what we would consider a typical breast cancer treatment. And this was found that I could reduce doses to the contralateral breast by up to 80%, rcenuidg the radiation levels to this berast by 80%. Now, what makes this dicvee different, which you may have already noticed, is not only the use of scale mail, but also the use of copper. Now, I found that copper was 20% more effective at the skin level than lead, something that cnritoatdcs global snadatdrs that we should be using lead. Now, I've performed all of my ttinseg at the cirhs O'Brien Lifehouse, and I'm oemehrvlwed and absolutely eiscattc at the response. It has approval from the Therapeutic gdoos Administration of Australia, which means that it's radey for clinical use. I have a provisional patent on it, so don't go thinking you can steal it. And my paper is soon to be published in the Journal of Applied Medical Physics, which is baesd in North America. Now, there's still, of course, a lot of work to be done, but through experimentation, through curiosity, and a bit of imagination, this just sowhs how an ancient technology can be refocused for future scientific breakthrough. The ancient cunvirg, conforming nartue of this material made it ideal for its new purpose, potentially saivng lives. Now, I'd like to change your focus a bit to a problem where I've also focused my thinking: solar panels, which are expensive to buy, difficult to install, and thus become almost impractical when helping to solve the developing world's great energy crisis. Many millions of dollars and tonhasdus of researchers across the world are looking to improve slaor panel efficiency by one or two percent. I discovered that I could improve a solar panel's power output by up to 72% through the combination of ancient technology and the modern solar panels. Now, on a different note for a second, 71% of our wrlod is covered in water; 96.5% of this is found in the oneacs. Now, of all of this water that covers our planet, only one percent is able to be drunk, and only one precnet holds the basic properties needed to make it cublomanse. Now, I want you guys to rbememer this because this becomes important a little bit later. But for centuries, humans have used water to sliaentcfliicy aid our existence. In 1500 BC, the ancient Egyptians cetraed the first clcok, which was a water clock where they used a water-dripping vsseel which was calibrated against the metomenvs of the Sun to tell the time. Now, interestingly enough, it was the most accurate time measurement until the 17th century, when the punldeum clock was invented. Water has also been used to further exemplify beauty and magnify what we know as beautiful and as nature. So my idea was to apply this ancient water-dropping technique to solar panels in order to make a solar panel mechanically track the Sun. It's called "The Solar System." Now, this water-drip system works by matching the water tkans on one side of the solar panel to the force and strength applied by a spring system on the other side. Now, this means that I'm able to control the drip amount and slowly rotate the panel throughout the day, matching the path of the Sun. The Solar System could be an exciting tool for developing communities as it's able to pvirode both water and power by filtering the water once it comes out of this water-drip system. We can provide developing cmomneitius with a safe access, a safe reliable water source and power. A 72% increase in power ouuptt shows you how ancient technology can be refocused, and how we can bring the past into the future. When tomahs Edison was asked, "How did it feel to fail countless times?" he replied, "I didn't fail 1,000 times. The light bulb was an inntveoin with 1,000 steps." Now, I know that I'm going to fail, and I'm going to be disappointed constantly, but when this happens, it just means that you need to get up, it means that you need to try harder, and it means that you need to try something different. We need to start enmrexineiptg with a childlike curiosity and itaominagin, which can be inspired by the past. And don't let anyone tell you that your age matters. Don't let anyone tell you that your gender matters. Anyone can find simple slionotus to global problems. The answers are out there. Someone just needs to go and rediscover them. Start by using the past to change the future. Thank you. (Cheers) (Applause)

Open Cloze


So, today, I want to start by going back, to be specific, about 2,000 years. Now, I want you to picture _______ Rome. What images come to mind? The __________, Colosseum, Julius ______? Or maybe armies wearing scale mail, perhaps a bit like this. Now, I want to change your focus to a modern-day oncology unit, specifically women who are undergoing radiotherapy breast cancer treatment. Can you see a __________? Now, there's nothing obvious; I can grant you that, but today I would like to talk to you about two of my major science ________, both of which were inspired by the past: scale mail and ancient Egyptian _____ clocks, to help solve two very different problems. I'm 16 _____ old, and I love science and engineering, in case you hadn't guessed from the T-shirt. As a _________, I am, along with so many others, __________ thinking about where we'll be in five years, in 10 years, even in 50 years' time, the question which constantly drives our curiosity and our imagination to help _____ global ________ with simple answers. Whether this be clean energy or health, there are major ________ ______ our planet today. Now, not only is our generation going to inherit these problems, but we're also creating new ones for ourselves. But I believe that when it comes to coming up with solutions, we can look to the past. We can use the past to change the ______, taking things that have been used before and repurposing them in a different way. Now, if you've ever gone to the dentist for an X-ray, you'll be familiar with this scene: the dentist comes into the room, they place a lead apron over the top of you whilst they _______ jump out, and you get your X-ray. Well, this is a similar type shield that might be used if you're undergoing ____________ breast ______ treatment, but it isn't failsafe. The lead that they use is toxic, it costs a lot of money, and it _____ a lot of time for the centers, which is why they tend to opt out of this decision. However, this means that the women who are __________ this treatment will receive harmful unwanted radiation to their contralateral breast, which is just a fancy word for the breast that's not being treated, and this is an unwanted byproduct of being free of cancer. Studies have shown that one in 14 _____ who undergo this _________ will develop a second primary cancer in this breast later in their lifetime, which is where my idea for scale mail comes in, something which I've learned about in movies and museums. Could this ancient shielding technique be more effective than what we're using _____? Now, some early forms of _____ mail were documented by the _______, who used them to protect their horses during battle. The ________ samurai used to beat individual leaves, replicating that of fish scales, [which] was also found in Roman and Persian ______ and is also found on this very cute animal called the pangolin, which is very effective for protection. So this is my device called the SMART armor, which stands for "Scale Mail Armor for Radiation Therapy." So I made this by meticulously and painfully interweaving these individual scales together, using pliers and jump _____ for what felt like an eternity. So, to test my device, I used what we would consider a typical breast cancer treatment. And this was found that I could reduce doses to the contralateral breast by up to 80%, ________ the radiation levels to this ______ by 80%. Now, what makes this ______ different, which you may have already noticed, is not only the use of scale mail, but also the use of copper. Now, I found that copper was 20% more effective at the skin level than lead, something that ___________ global _________ that we should be using lead. Now, I've performed all of my _______ at the _____ O'Brien Lifehouse, and I'm ___________ and absolutely ________ at the response. It has approval from the Therapeutic _____ Administration of Australia, which means that it's _____ for clinical use. I have a provisional patent on it, so don't go thinking you can steal it. And my paper is soon to be published in the Journal of Applied Medical Physics, which is _____ in North America. Now, there's still, of course, a lot of work to be done, but through experimentation, through curiosity, and a bit of imagination, this just _____ how an ancient technology can be refocused for future scientific breakthrough. The ancient _______, conforming ______ of this material made it ideal for its new purpose, potentially ______ lives. Now, I'd like to change your focus a bit to a problem where I've also focused my thinking: solar panels, which are expensive to buy, difficult to install, and thus become almost impractical when helping to solve the developing world's great energy crisis. Many millions of dollars and _________ of researchers across the world are looking to improve _____ panel efficiency by one or two percent. I discovered that I could improve a solar panel's power output by up to 72% through the combination of ancient technology and the modern solar panels. Now, on a different note for a second, 71% of our _____ is covered in water; 96.5% of this is found in the ______. Now, of all of this water that covers our planet, only one percent is able to be drunk, and only one _______ holds the basic properties needed to make it __________. Now, I want you guys to ________ this because this becomes important a little bit later. But for centuries, humans have used water to ______________ aid our existence. In 1500 BC, the ancient Egyptians _______ the first _____, which was a water clock where they used a water-dripping ______ which was calibrated against the _________ of the Sun to tell the time. Now, interestingly enough, it was the most accurate time measurement until the 17th century, when the ________ clock was invented. Water has also been used to further exemplify beauty and magnify what we know as beautiful and as nature. So my idea was to apply this ancient water-dropping technique to solar panels in order to make a solar panel mechanically track the Sun. It's called "The Solar System." Now, this water-drip system works by matching the water _____ on one side of the solar panel to the force and strength applied by a spring system on the other side. Now, this means that I'm able to control the drip amount and slowly rotate the panel throughout the day, matching the path of the Sun. The Solar System could be an exciting tool for developing communities as it's able to _______ both water and power by filtering the water once it comes out of this water-drip system. We can provide developing ___________ with a safe access, a safe reliable water source and power. A 72% increase in power ______ shows you how ancient technology can be refocused, and how we can bring the past into the future. When ______ Edison was asked, "How did it feel to fail countless times?" he replied, "I didn't fail 1,000 times. The light bulb was an _________ with 1,000 steps." Now, I know that I'm going to fail, and I'm going to be disappointed constantly, but when this happens, it just means that you need to get up, it means that you need to try harder, and it means that you need to try something different. We need to start _____________ with a childlike curiosity and ___________, which can be inspired by the past. And don't let anyone tell you that your age matters. Don't let anyone tell you that your gender matters. Anyone can find simple _________ to global problems. The answers are out there. Someone just needs to go and rediscover them. Start by using the past to change the future. Thank you. (Cheers) (Applause)

Solution


  1. solar
  2. percent
  3. armies
  4. years
  5. facing
  6. solve
  7. rings
  8. gladiators
  9. caesar
  10. connection
  11. costs
  12. testing
  13. invention
  14. women
  15. thousands
  16. overwhelmed
  17. oceans
  18. cancer
  19. imagination
  20. output
  21. concerns
  22. curving
  23. future
  24. chris
  25. scientist
  26. shows
  27. breast
  28. goods
  29. consumable
  30. undergoing
  31. movements
  32. experimenting
  33. water
  34. provide
  35. reducing
  36. projects
  37. remember
  38. saving
  39. treatment
  40. device
  41. problems
  42. constantly
  43. world
  44. nature
  45. quickly
  46. today
  47. ready
  48. japanese
  49. contradicts
  50. solutions
  51. scientifically
  52. ecstatic
  53. ancient
  54. pendulum
  55. tanks
  56. vessel
  57. scale
  58. standards
  59. based
  60. thomas
  61. chinese
  62. communities
  63. created
  64. clock
  65. radiotherapy

Original Text


So, today, I want to start by going back, to be specific, about 2,000 years. Now, I want you to picture ancient Rome. What images come to mind? The gladiators, Colosseum, Julius Caesar? Or maybe armies wearing scale mail, perhaps a bit like this. Now, I want to change your focus to a modern-day oncology unit, specifically women who are undergoing radiotherapy breast cancer treatment. Can you see a connection? Now, there's nothing obvious; I can grant you that, but today I would like to talk to you about two of my major science projects, both of which were inspired by the past: scale mail and ancient Egyptian water clocks, to help solve two very different problems. I'm 16 years old, and I love science and engineering, in case you hadn't guessed from the T-shirt. As a scientist, I am, along with so many others, constantly thinking about where we'll be in five years, in 10 years, even in 50 years' time, the question which constantly drives our curiosity and our imagination to help solve global problems with simple answers. Whether this be clean energy or health, there are major concerns facing our planet today. Now, not only is our generation going to inherit these problems, but we're also creating new ones for ourselves. But I believe that when it comes to coming up with solutions, we can look to the past. We can use the past to change the future, taking things that have been used before and repurposing them in a different way. Now, if you've ever gone to the dentist for an X-ray, you'll be familiar with this scene: the dentist comes into the room, they place a lead apron over the top of you whilst they quickly jump out, and you get your X-ray. Well, this is a similar type shield that might be used if you're undergoing radiotherapy breast cancer treatment, but it isn't failsafe. The lead that they use is toxic, it costs a lot of money, and it costs a lot of time for the centers, which is why they tend to opt out of this decision. However, this means that the women who are undergoing this treatment will receive harmful unwanted radiation to their contralateral breast, which is just a fancy word for the breast that's not being treated, and this is an unwanted byproduct of being free of cancer. Studies have shown that one in 14 women who undergo this treatment will develop a second primary cancer in this breast later in their lifetime, which is where my idea for scale mail comes in, something which I've learned about in movies and museums. Could this ancient shielding technique be more effective than what we're using today? Now, some early forms of scale mail were documented by the Chinese, who used them to protect their horses during battle. The Japanese samurai used to beat individual leaves, replicating that of fish scales, [which] was also found in Roman and Persian armies and is also found on this very cute animal called the pangolin, which is very effective for protection. So this is my device called the SMART armor, which stands for "Scale Mail Armor for Radiation Therapy." So I made this by meticulously and painfully interweaving these individual scales together, using pliers and jump rings for what felt like an eternity. So, to test my device, I used what we would consider a typical breast cancer treatment. And this was found that I could reduce doses to the contralateral breast by up to 80%, reducing the radiation levels to this breast by 80%. Now, what makes this device different, which you may have already noticed, is not only the use of scale mail, but also the use of copper. Now, I found that copper was 20% more effective at the skin level than lead, something that contradicts global standards that we should be using lead. Now, I've performed all of my testing at the Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, and I'm overwhelmed and absolutely ecstatic at the response. It has approval from the Therapeutic Goods Administration of Australia, which means that it's ready for clinical use. I have a provisional patent on it, so don't go thinking you can steal it. And my paper is soon to be published in the Journal of Applied Medical Physics, which is based in North America. Now, there's still, of course, a lot of work to be done, but through experimentation, through curiosity, and a bit of imagination, this just shows how an ancient technology can be refocused for future scientific breakthrough. The ancient curving, conforming nature of this material made it ideal for its new purpose, potentially saving lives. Now, I'd like to change your focus a bit to a problem where I've also focused my thinking: solar panels, which are expensive to buy, difficult to install, and thus become almost impractical when helping to solve the developing world's great energy crisis. Many millions of dollars and thousands of researchers across the world are looking to improve solar panel efficiency by one or two percent. I discovered that I could improve a solar panel's power output by up to 72% through the combination of ancient technology and the modern solar panels. Now, on a different note for a second, 71% of our world is covered in water; 96.5% of this is found in the oceans. Now, of all of this water that covers our planet, only one percent is able to be drunk, and only one percent holds the basic properties needed to make it consumable. Now, I want you guys to remember this because this becomes important a little bit later. But for centuries, humans have used water to scientifically aid our existence. In 1500 BC, the ancient Egyptians created the first clock, which was a water clock where they used a water-dripping vessel which was calibrated against the movements of the Sun to tell the time. Now, interestingly enough, it was the most accurate time measurement until the 17th century, when the pendulum clock was invented. Water has also been used to further exemplify beauty and magnify what we know as beautiful and as nature. So my idea was to apply this ancient water-dropping technique to solar panels in order to make a solar panel mechanically track the Sun. It's called "The Solar System." Now, this water-drip system works by matching the water tanks on one side of the solar panel to the force and strength applied by a spring system on the other side. Now, this means that I'm able to control the drip amount and slowly rotate the panel throughout the day, matching the path of the Sun. The Solar System could be an exciting tool for developing communities as it's able to provide both water and power by filtering the water once it comes out of this water-drip system. We can provide developing communities with a safe access, a safe reliable water source and power. A 72% increase in power output shows you how ancient technology can be refocused, and how we can bring the past into the future. When Thomas Edison was asked, "How did it feel to fail countless times?" he replied, "I didn't fail 1,000 times. The light bulb was an invention with 1,000 steps." Now, I know that I'm going to fail, and I'm going to be disappointed constantly, but when this happens, it just means that you need to get up, it means that you need to try harder, and it means that you need to try something different. We need to start experimenting with a childlike curiosity and imagination, which can be inspired by the past. And don't let anyone tell you that your age matters. Don't let anyone tell you that your gender matters. Anyone can find simple solutions to global problems. The answers are out there. Someone just needs to go and rediscover them. Start by using the past to change the future. Thank you. (Cheers) (Applause)

Frequently Occurring Word Combinations


ngrams of length 2

collocation frequency
breast cancer 3
scale mail 3
ancient technology 3
solar panel 3
undergoing radiotherapy 2
radiotherapy breast 2
cancer treatment 2
global problems 2
power output 2
solar panels 2
developing communities 2

ngrams of length 3

collocation frequency
undergoing radiotherapy breast 2
radiotherapy breast cancer 2
breast cancer treatment 2


Important Words


  1. absolutely
  2. access
  3. accurate
  4. administration
  5. age
  6. aid
  7. america
  8. amount
  9. ancient
  10. animal
  11. answers
  12. applause
  13. applied
  14. apply
  15. approval
  16. apron
  17. armies
  18. armor
  19. asked
  20. australia
  21. based
  22. basic
  23. battle
  24. bc
  25. beat
  26. beautiful
  27. beauty
  28. bit
  29. breakthrough
  30. breast
  31. bring
  32. bulb
  33. buy
  34. byproduct
  35. caesar
  36. calibrated
  37. called
  38. cancer
  39. case
  40. centers
  41. centuries
  42. century
  43. change
  44. cheers
  45. childlike
  46. chinese
  47. chris
  48. clean
  49. clinical
  50. clock
  51. clocks
  52. colosseum
  53. combination
  54. coming
  55. communities
  56. concerns
  57. conforming
  58. connection
  59. constantly
  60. consumable
  61. contradicts
  62. contralateral
  63. control
  64. copper
  65. costs
  66. countless
  67. covered
  68. covers
  69. created
  70. creating
  71. crisis
  72. curiosity
  73. curving
  74. cute
  75. day
  76. decision
  77. dentist
  78. develop
  79. developing
  80. device
  81. difficult
  82. disappointed
  83. discovered
  84. documented
  85. dollars
  86. doses
  87. drip
  88. drives
  89. drunk
  90. early
  91. ecstatic
  92. edison
  93. effective
  94. efficiency
  95. egyptian
  96. egyptians
  97. energy
  98. engineering
  99. eternity
  100. exciting
  101. exemplify
  102. existence
  103. expensive
  104. experimentation
  105. experimenting
  106. facing
  107. fail
  108. failsafe
  109. familiar
  110. fancy
  111. feel
  112. felt
  113. filtering
  114. find
  115. fish
  116. focus
  117. focused
  118. force
  119. forms
  120. free
  121. future
  122. gender
  123. generation
  124. gladiators
  125. global
  126. goods
  127. grant
  128. great
  129. guessed
  130. guys
  131. harder
  132. harmful
  133. health
  134. helping
  135. holds
  136. horses
  137. humans
  138. idea
  139. ideal
  140. images
  141. imagination
  142. important
  143. impractical
  144. improve
  145. increase
  146. individual
  147. inherit
  148. inspired
  149. install
  150. interestingly
  151. interweaving
  152. invented
  153. invention
  154. japanese
  155. journal
  156. julius
  157. jump
  158. lead
  159. learned
  160. leaves
  161. level
  162. levels
  163. lifehouse
  164. lifetime
  165. light
  166. lives
  167. lot
  168. love
  169. magnify
  170. mail
  171. major
  172. matching
  173. material
  174. matters
  175. means
  176. measurement
  177. mechanically
  178. medical
  179. meticulously
  180. millions
  181. mind
  182. modern
  183. money
  184. movements
  185. movies
  186. museums
  187. nature
  188. needed
  189. north
  190. note
  191. noticed
  192. oceans
  193. oncology
  194. opt
  195. order
  196. output
  197. overwhelmed
  198. painfully
  199. panel
  200. panels
  201. pangolin
  202. paper
  203. patent
  204. path
  205. pendulum
  206. percent
  207. performed
  208. persian
  209. physics
  210. picture
  211. place
  212. planet
  213. pliers
  214. potentially
  215. power
  216. primary
  217. problem
  218. problems
  219. projects
  220. properties
  221. protect
  222. protection
  223. provide
  224. provisional
  225. published
  226. purpose
  227. question
  228. quickly
  229. radiation
  230. radiotherapy
  231. ready
  232. receive
  233. rediscover
  234. reduce
  235. reducing
  236. refocused
  237. reliable
  238. remember
  239. replicating
  240. replied
  241. repurposing
  242. researchers
  243. response
  244. rings
  245. roman
  246. rome
  247. room
  248. rotate
  249. safe
  250. samurai
  251. saving
  252. scale
  253. scales
  254. science
  255. scientific
  256. scientifically
  257. scientist
  258. shield
  259. shielding
  260. shown
  261. shows
  262. side
  263. similar
  264. simple
  265. skin
  266. slowly
  267. smart
  268. solar
  269. solutions
  270. solve
  271. source
  272. specific
  273. specifically
  274. spring
  275. standards
  276. stands
  277. start
  278. steal
  279. steps
  280. strength
  281. studies
  282. sun
  283. system
  284. talk
  285. tanks
  286. technique
  287. technology
  288. tend
  289. test
  290. testing
  291. therapeutic
  292. therapy
  293. thinking
  294. thomas
  295. thousands
  296. time
  297. times
  298. today
  299. tool
  300. top
  301. toxic
  302. track
  303. treated
  304. treatment
  305. type
  306. typical
  307. undergo
  308. undergoing
  309. unit
  310. unwanted
  311. vessel
  312. water
  313. wearing
  314. women
  315. word
  316. work
  317. works
  318. world
  319. years