From the Ted Talk by Hilde Stenuit: How new drugs could come from space
Unscramble the Blue Letters
승규 민, Translator
Walaa Mohammed, Reviewer
Why on earth would anybody go to space for applications meant for Earth? I want to take you on a csmioc right to show that space is not just about discovering new galaxies and new planets, but that even secrets to cure dsaesies for uson earth may be found in outer space. But first, let’s time travel back to 1998. I, a freshly minted astrophysicist, found myself with six weeks of free time between the end of my PhD and the start of a job in a SpaceX company. So what did I do? Did I launch on a beach in Bali? No, I went to Florida and I had honestly no idea at the time how significant that trip would be. Little did I know then that I was witnessing history in the making. I saw life from the launch area. How the first two mulodes of the International Space Station were coupled together while flying at 28,000km/h in space. That International Space Station has been permanently creewd since the year 2000 and all launches to the space station. And all signs done then was through the space agencies, through NASA, the European Space aegcny, the Russian Roscosmos, Canadians, Japanese And the research done up there then was academic and descriptive, looking, for example, at how the bones and mlcsues of astronauts degrade over time. Yet it taught us a lot about how sapce affects the human body, biological organisms, life and mtaetr in general. But the space sector was about to undergo a major mevekaor in the year 2012. The first commercial spacecraft, SpaceX's Dragon, made a vsiit to the International Space Station. SpaceX in particular, let the shift in the whole space sector, not only because now a ccirmmoael company was launching rockets to the space station, but also because SpaceX relentlessly pursued making its rockets reusable by landing them after each flight instead of burning them in the atmosphere. Those companies were pushing the bedunroias of what we tgohuht was possible by mankig rockets reusable and by paving the way for access to space. So here we are in a brand new chapter of the space steocr, filled with new actors,new technologies and new business models, because commercial sveecirs now provide for direct access to space, we are expanding the soico eoomcnic sphere of activities from Earth to space in a pioneering way. The International Space Station, the moon and other locations in space are now accessible for researchers, for companies, for tourists, for asirtts. It's like a whole new wrlod of science up there. A whole new environment of what is cealld microgravity. Microgravity is the state of cnaotnst freefall that the International Space Station is in. Some people think that there is very little gitrvay on the sitotan and that people float because it's far out away in space. In fact, the station is coelsr than the distance from Brussels to bilern. When we launch a rocket into space with a lot of power and speed, we put it in an orbit in such a way that it is actually constantly falling over and around the earth. It falls and it falls with everything in it, including astronauts. Every cell and every material. It's an environment unlike any on Earth. And it could hold the key to unlocking new discoveries i n terrestrial sectors that never dreamt of having anything to do with space. So let me give you three examples of how the space environment can help drug research or other health applications by using this lab where gravity is drastically reduced. So let's start with space crystals. When in an earth lab, rchareseers want to find a new cure for a natsy disease, they put on their lab coat. They pull out a microscope and they srtat examining tiny little proteins in our body that might be causing the disease. When they find a protein that's causing that might be causing trouble, they want to know more about it. And that's where protein crystallization comes in. It's turning those tiny little proteins into larger, solid crystals that can be lkooed at using a mccsopoire or X-ray. And researchers can study those crystals and they can figure out more about the shape of the proteins. And that allows them to design drugs that can attack specific parts of the pietron and that can fhigt the disease. Now, here's where things get really interesting, because when you do this crystallization of proteins in space, those space crystals, they come out bigger and more importantly, they come out better structured and of higher quality than the same ones on earth. So now researchers can study them more precisely, helping them in better drug drsceivoy. For a second example of how space can serve drug rsaerceh. I want to tell you about mini-organs in space. So now with our new drugs, we want to test and screen them and see if they have the desired effect on the disease. And that psceros includes two setps. The first one is tsnietg in tubes or in dseihs with two dinoeinsaml cell cultures. But those two dimensional flat cell cultures, they do not accurately resemble the tissues in our body. The second step would be to test those new drgus with animal models. But that, too, has major issues, ethiacl concerns. And if a drug test well on animals, it may not necessarily work on humans because it's different biology. So more and more researchers and pharma are looking at three dimensional cell mlodes as an alternative. And an itnresntieg example of three dimensional cell structures are organoids. Organoidsare mini organs that are grown in the lab based on human stem cells, and they are made to resemble different organs in our body, like the mini brain that you see. They're smaller than half a centimeter or a mini heart. And those mini organs or organoids, they can be used to study diseases and drugs. Now, as you maybe can imagine, if you want to grow something in three dimensions, gravity would work against it. So on Earth, we need to podrive structure to those three dimensional cell structure against gravity by using scdlofafs or gels. But now microgravity could do so. Magic in the lab. In microgravity, scientists can use or grow such organoids to stduy the effects of our drugs in space in a way that cannot be possibly done on Earth and without the need for amnail testing. For a third example of how space can help. Now with health applications, I want to take you further in the ftruue. I think all of you probably have heard of 3D ptiirnng, where you take a digital design of a structure to create it using the 3D prinetr, layer by layer, with plastic, with metal or other mrelaiats or with living cells to do 3D bioprinting. Cells can be taken from your skin and they go into the lab where they are grown and put in a machine called a 3D bio printer. These cells are being used by the mnhicae as living bio inks, and the resulting bio printed tissues are based on your clles so there would be no cahcne of rieceotjn and they would be personalized. Now, in this field, the ultimate goal is to create new human onrags that can be used to replace diseased ones. And believe it or not, microgravity may just be the optimal place to make this reality. On earth. The pull of gravity can distort the output of such a bio printer. A bio printed heart, for example, can collapse because it has chambers ctavieis. In microgravity, those cells can form those complex structures as our organs without the inneuflce of gravity. In ten, 15 years from tdaoy, we may be broiniinptg personalized organs in space hearts, new knyedis, new livers on demand for us on earth. So while it may seem like science fiction, the idea of using microgravity for drug research or for applications in other sectors for us here on erath is not as farfetched as it may seem. Commercial direct aecscs to this microgravity lab allows us to pioneer and to lift space research for Earth applications to new heights and allows us to dream of the endless opportunities this unique environment may unlock for all of us. Thank you.
Open Cloze
승규 민, Translator
Walaa Mohammed, Reviewer
Why on earth would anybody go to space for applications meant for Earth? I want to take you on a ______ right to show that space is not just about discovering new galaxies and new planets, but that even secrets to cure ________ for uson earth may be found in outer space. But first, let’s time travel back to 1998. I, a freshly minted astrophysicist, found myself with six weeks of free time between the end of my PhD and the start of a job in a SpaceX company. So what did I do? Did I launch on a beach in Bali? No, I went to Florida and I had honestly no idea at the time how significant that trip would be. Little did I know then that I was witnessing history in the making. I saw life from the launch area. How the first two _______ of the International Space Station were coupled together while flying at 28,000km/h in space. That International Space Station has been permanently ______ since the year 2000 and all launches to the space station. And all signs done then was through the space agencies, through NASA, the European Space ______, the Russian Roscosmos, Canadians, Japanese And the research done up there then was academic and descriptive, looking, for example, at how the bones and _______ of astronauts degrade over time. Yet it taught us a lot about how _____ affects the human body, biological organisms, life and ______ in general. But the space sector was about to undergo a major ________ in the year 2012. The first commercial spacecraft, SpaceX's Dragon, made a _____ to the International Space Station. SpaceX in particular, let the shift in the whole space sector, not only because now a __________ company was launching rockets to the space station, but also because SpaceX relentlessly pursued making its rockets reusable by landing them after each flight instead of burning them in the atmosphere. Those companies were pushing the __________ of what we _______ was possible by ______ rockets reusable and by paving the way for access to space. So here we are in a brand new chapter of the space ______, filled with new actors,new technologies and new business models, because commercial ________ now provide for direct access to space, we are expanding the _____________ sphere of activities from Earth to space in a pioneering way. The International Space Station, the moon and other locations in space are now accessible for researchers, for companies, for tourists, for _______. It's like a whole new _____ of science up there. A whole new environment of what is ______ microgravity. Microgravity is the state of ________ freefall that the International Space Station is in. Some people think that there is very little _______ on the _______ and that people float because it's far out away in space. In fact, the station is ______ than the distance from Brussels to ______. When we launch a rocket into space with a lot of power and speed, we put it in an orbit in such a way that it is actually constantly falling over and around the earth. It falls and it falls with everything in it, including astronauts. Every cell and every material. It's an environment unlike any on Earth. And it could hold the key to unlocking new discoveries i n terrestrial sectors that never dreamt of having anything to do with space. So let me give you three examples of how the space environment can help drug research or other health applications by using this lab where gravity is drastically reduced. So let's start with space crystals. When in an earth lab, ___________ want to find a new cure for a _____ disease, they put on their lab coat. They pull out a microscope and they _____ examining tiny little proteins in our body that might be causing the disease. When they find a protein that's causing that might be causing trouble, they want to know more about it. And that's where protein crystallization comes in. It's turning those tiny little proteins into larger, solid crystals that can be ______ at using a __________ or X-ray. And researchers can study those crystals and they can figure out more about the shape of the proteins. And that allows them to design drugs that can attack specific parts of the _______ and that can _____ the disease. Now, here's where things get really interesting, because when you do this crystallization of proteins in space, those space crystals, they come out bigger and more importantly, they come out better structured and of higher quality than the same ones on earth. So now researchers can study them more precisely, helping them in better drug _________. For a second example of how space can serve drug ________. I want to tell you about mini-organs in space. So now with our new drugs, we want to test and screen them and see if they have the desired effect on the disease. And that _______ includes two _____. The first one is _______ in tubes or in ______ with two ___________ cell cultures. But those two dimensional flat cell cultures, they do not accurately resemble the tissues in our body. The second step would be to test those new _____ with animal models. But that, too, has major issues, _______ concerns. And if a drug test well on animals, it may not necessarily work on humans because it's different biology. So more and more researchers and pharma are looking at three dimensional cell ______ as an alternative. And an ___________ example of three dimensional cell structures are organoids. Organoidsare mini organs that are grown in the lab based on human stem cells, and they are made to resemble different organs in our body, like the mini brain that you see. They're smaller than half a centimeter or a mini heart. And those mini organs or organoids, they can be used to study diseases and drugs. Now, as you maybe can imagine, if you want to grow something in three dimensions, gravity would work against it. So on Earth, we need to _______ structure to those three dimensional cell structure against gravity by using _________ or gels. But now microgravity could do so. Magic in the lab. In microgravity, scientists can use or grow such organoids to _____ the effects of our drugs in space in a way that cannot be possibly done on Earth and without the need for ______ testing. For a third example of how space can help. Now with health applications, I want to take you further in the ______. I think all of you probably have heard of 3D ________, where you take a digital design of a structure to create it using the 3D _______, layer by layer, with plastic, with metal or other _________ or with living cells to do 3D bioprinting. Cells can be taken from your skin and they go into the lab where they are grown and put in a machine called a 3D bio printer. These cells are being used by the _______ as living bio inks, and the resulting bio printed tissues are based on your _____ so there would be no ______ of _________ and they would be personalized. Now, in this field, the ultimate goal is to create new human ______ that can be used to replace diseased ones. And believe it or not, microgravity may just be the optimal place to make this reality. On earth. The pull of gravity can distort the output of such a bio printer. A bio printed heart, for example, can collapse because it has chambers ________. In microgravity, those cells can form those complex structures as our organs without the _________ of gravity. In ten, 15 years from _____, we may be ___________ personalized organs in space hearts, new _______, new livers on demand for us on earth. So while it may seem like science fiction, the idea of using microgravity for drug research or for applications in other sectors for us here on _____ is not as farfetched as it may seem. Commercial direct ______ to this microgravity lab allows us to pioneer and to lift space research for Earth applications to new heights and allows us to dream of the endless opportunities this unique environment may unlock for all of us. Thank you.
Solution
socio
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space
berlin
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artists
diseases
dishes
making
testing
cosmic
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researchers
called
makeover
protein
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thought
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modules
matter
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chance
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printer
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services
steps
provide
cells
world
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today
commercial
interesting
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earth
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Original Text
승규 민, Translator
Walaa Mohammed, Reviewer
Why on earth would anybody go to space for applications meant for Earth? I want to take you on a cosmic right to show that space is not just about discovering new galaxies and new planets, but that even secrets to cure diseases for uson earth may be found in outer space. But first, let’s time travel back to 1998. I, a freshly minted astrophysicist, found myself with six weeks of free time between the end of my PhD and the start of a job in a SpaceX company. So what did I do? Did I launch on a beach in Bali? No, I went to Florida and I had honestly no idea at the time how significant that trip would be. Little did I know then that I was witnessing history in the making. I saw life from the launch area. How the first two modules of the International Space Station were coupled together while flying at 28,000km/h in space. That International Space Station has been permanently crewed since the year 2000 and all launches to the space station. And all signs done then was through the space agencies, through NASA, the European Space Agency, the Russian Roscosmos, Canadians, Japanese And the research done up there then was academic and descriptive, looking, for example, at how the bones and muscles of astronauts degrade over time. Yet it taught us a lot about how space affects the human body, biological organisms, life and matter in general. But the space sector was about to undergo a major makeover in the year 2012. The first commercial spacecraft, SpaceX's Dragon, made a visit to the International Space Station. SpaceX in particular, let the shift in the whole space sector, not only because now a commercial company was launching rockets to the space station, but also because SpaceX relentlessly pursued making its rockets reusable by landing them after each flight instead of burning them in the atmosphere. Those companies were pushing the boundaries of what we thought was possible by making rockets reusable and by paving the way for access to space. So here we are in a brand new chapter of the space sector, filled with new actors,new technologies and new business models, because commercial services now provide for direct access to space, we are expanding the socio economic sphere of activities from Earth to space in a pioneering way. The International Space Station, the moon and other locations in space are now accessible for researchers, for companies, for tourists, for artists. It's like a whole new world of science up there. A whole new environment of what is called microgravity. Microgravity is the state of constant freefall that the International Space Station is in. Some people think that there is very little gravity on the station and that people float because it's far out away in space. In fact, the station is closer than the distance from Brussels to Berlin. When we launch a rocket into space with a lot of power and speed, we put it in an orbit in such a way that it is actually constantly falling over and around the earth. It falls and it falls with everything in it, including astronauts. Every cell and every material. It's an environment unlike any on Earth. And it could hold the key to unlocking new discoveries i n terrestrial sectors that never dreamt of having anything to do with space. So let me give you three examples of how the space environment can help drug research or other health applications by using this lab where gravity is drastically reduced. So let's start with space crystals. When in an earth lab, researchers want to find a new cure for a nasty disease, they put on their lab coat. They pull out a microscope and they start examining tiny little proteins in our body that might be causing the disease. When they find a protein that's causing that might be causing trouble, they want to know more about it. And that's where protein crystallization comes in. It's turning those tiny little proteins into larger, solid crystals that can be looked at using a microscope or X-ray. And researchers can study those crystals and they can figure out more about the shape of the proteins. And that allows them to design drugs that can attack specific parts of the protein and that can fight the disease. Now, here's where things get really interesting, because when you do this crystallization of proteins in space, those space crystals, they come out bigger and more importantly, they come out better structured and of higher quality than the same ones on earth. So now researchers can study them more precisely, helping them in better drug discovery. For a second example of how space can serve drug research. I want to tell you about mini-organs in space. So now with our new drugs, we want to test and screen them and see if they have the desired effect on the disease. And that process includes two steps. The first one is testing in tubes or in dishes with two dimensional cell cultures. But those two dimensional flat cell cultures, they do not accurately resemble the tissues in our body. The second step would be to test those new drugs with animal models. But that, too, has major issues, ethical concerns. And if a drug test well on animals, it may not necessarily work on humans because it's different biology. So more and more researchers and pharma are looking at three dimensional cell models as an alternative. And an interesting example of three dimensional cell structures are organoids. Organoidsare mini organs that are grown in the lab based on human stem cells, and they are made to resemble different organs in our body, like the mini brain that you see. They're smaller than half a centimeter or a mini heart. And those mini organs or organoids, they can be used to study diseases and drugs. Now, as you maybe can imagine, if you want to grow something in three dimensions, gravity would work against it. So on Earth, we need to provide structure to those three dimensional cell structure against gravity by using scaffolds or gels. But now microgravity could do so. Magic in the lab. In microgravity, scientists can use or grow such organoids to study the effects of our drugs in space in a way that cannot be possibly done on Earth and without the need for animal testing. For a third example of how space can help. Now with health applications, I want to take you further in the future. I think all of you probably have heard of 3D printing, where you take a digital design of a structure to create it using the 3D printer, layer by layer, with plastic, with metal or other materials or with living cells to do 3D bioprinting. Cells can be taken from your skin and they go into the lab where they are grown and put in a machine called a 3D bio printer. These cells are being used by the machine as living bio inks, and the resulting bio printed tissues are based on your cells so there would be no chance of rejection and they would be personalized. Now, in this field, the ultimate goal is to create new human organs that can be used to replace diseased ones. And believe it or not, microgravity may just be the optimal place to make this reality. On earth. The pull of gravity can distort the output of such a bio printer. A bio printed heart, for example, can collapse because it has chambers cavities. In microgravity, those cells can form those complex structures as our organs without the influence of gravity. In ten, 15 years from today, we may be bioprinting personalized organs in space hearts, new kidneys, new livers on demand for us on earth. So while it may seem like science fiction, the idea of using microgravity for drug research or for applications in other sectors for us here on Earth is not as farfetched as it may seem. Commercial direct access to this microgravity lab allows us to pioneer and to lift space research for Earth applications to new heights and allows us to dream of the endless opportunities this unique environment may unlock for all of us. Thank you.