TedTest

From the Ted Talk by Tim Hansen: How to read music

Unscramble the Blue Letters

When we watch a film or a play, we know that the actors probably lneared their lines from a srpcit, which essentially tells them what to say and when to say it. A piece of written music operates on exactly the same principle. In a very baisc sense, it tells a performer what to play and when to play it. Aesthetically speaking, there's a world of dineferfce between, say, bhtoeveen and Justin Bieber, but both atsrtis have used the same building blocks to create their music: notes. And although the end ruelst can sound quite complicated, the logic behind muaiscl notes is actually pretty straightforward. Let's take a look at the fdutiannooal elements to music notation and how they interact to create a work of art. Music is written on five parallel liens that go across the page. These five lines are celald a staff, and a staff operates on two axes: up and down and left to right. The up-and-down axis tells the performer the pitch of the note or what note to play, and the left-to-right axis tells the performer the rtyhhm of the note or when to play it. Let's strat with pctih. To help us out, we're going to use a piano, but this system works for pretty much any instrument you can think of. In the Western miusc tradition, pitches are named after the first seven letters of the alphabet, A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. After that, the cycle repeats itself: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and so on. But how do these pitches get their names? Well, for example, if you played an F and then plaeyd another F higher or lower on the piano, you'd notice that they sound pretty similar cmareopd to, say, a B. Going back to the staff, every line and every space between two lines represents a separate pitch. If we put a note on one of these lines or one of these spaces, we're telling a performer to play that pitch. The higher up on the staff a note is placed, the hhgeir the pitch. But there are obviously many, many more pitches than the nine that these lines and spaces gives us. A grand pinao, for example, can play 88 saartpee notes. So how do we cenndose 88 notes onto a single staff? We use something called a clef, a weird-looking figure placed at the beginning of the staff, which acts like a refecerne point, telling you that a particular line or space corresponds to a specific note on your instrument. If we want to play notes that aren't on the staff, we kind of cheat and draw extra little lines called ledger lines and place the netos on them. If we have to draw so many legedr lines that it gets confusing, then we need to change to a different clef. As for telling a performer when to play the notes, two main elements control this: the beat and the rhythm. The beat of a piece of music is, by itself, kind of boring. It sounds like this. (Ticking) Notice that it doesn't cghnae, it just plugs along quite happily. It can go slow or fast or whatever you like, really. The point is that just like the second hand on a clock divides one mutnie into sxtiy scoends, with each second just as long as every other second, the beat divides a piece of music into little fragments of time that are all the same length: beats. With a steady beat as a foundation, we can add rhythm to our pitches, and that's when music really starts to happen. This is a quarter note. It's the most basic unit of rhythm, and it's wotrh one beat. This is a half note, and it's worth two beats. This whole note here is worth four beats, and these little guys are eighth notes, worth half a beat each. "Great," you say, "what does that mean?" You might have noticed that across the length of a staff, there are little lines ddiivnig it into slaml sicentos. These are bar lines and we refer to each section as a bar. At the beginning of a piece of music, just after the clef, is something called the time signature, which tells a performer how many beats are in each bar. This says there are two btaes in each bar, this says there are three, this one four, and so on. The btootm number tells us what kind of note is to be used as the basic unit for the beat. One cpeonorsrds to a whole note, two to a half note, four to a quarter note, and eight to an eighth note, and so on. So this time signature here tells us that there are four qautrer notes in each bar, one, two, three, four; one, two, three, four, and so on. But like I said before, if we just stick to the beat, it gets kind of boring, so we'll rpcleae some quarter notes with different rhythms. Notice that even though the number of notes in each bar has changed, the total number of beats in each bar hasn't. So, what does our musical creation sound like? (Music) Eh, sounds okay, but maybe a bit thin, right? Let's add another imunenrstt with its own pitch and rhythm. Now it's sounding like music. Sure, it tkeas some practice to get used to reading it quickly and playing what we see on our instrument, but, with a bit of time and patience, you could be the next Beethoven or Justin Bieber.

Open Cloze

When we watch a film or a play, we know that the actors probably _______ their lines from a ______, which essentially tells them what to say and when to say it. A piece of written music operates on exactly the same principle. In a very _____ sense, it tells a performer what to play and when to play it. Aesthetically speaking, there's a world of __________ between, say, _________ and Justin Bieber, but both _______ have used the same building blocks to create their music: notes. And although the end ______ can sound quite complicated, the logic behind _______ notes is actually pretty straightforward. Let's take a look at the ____________ elements to music notation and how they interact to create a work of art. Music is written on five parallel _____ that go across the page. These five lines are ______ a staff, and a staff operates on two axes: up and down and left to right. The up-and-down axis tells the performer the pitch of the note or what note to play, and the left-to-right axis tells the performer the ______ of the note or when to play it. Let's _____ with _____. To help us out, we're going to use a piano, but this system works for pretty much any instrument you can think of. In the Western _____ tradition, pitches are named after the first seven letters of the alphabet, A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. After that, the cycle repeats itself: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and so on. But how do these pitches get their names? Well, for example, if you played an F and then ______ another F higher or lower on the piano, you'd notice that they sound pretty similar ________ to, say, a B. Going back to the staff, every line and every space between two lines represents a separate pitch. If we put a note on one of these lines or one of these spaces, we're telling a performer to play that pitch. The higher up on the staff a note is placed, the ______ the pitch. But there are obviously many, many more pitches than the nine that these lines and spaces gives us. A grand _____, for example, can play 88 ________ notes. So how do we ________ 88 notes onto a single staff? We use something called a clef, a weird-looking figure placed at the beginning of the staff, which acts like a _________ point, telling you that a particular line or space corresponds to a specific note on your instrument. If we want to play notes that aren't on the staff, we kind of cheat and draw extra little lines called ledger lines and place the _____ on them. If we have to draw so many ______ lines that it gets confusing, then we need to change to a different clef. As for telling a performer when to play the notes, two main elements control this: the beat and the rhythm. The beat of a piece of music is, by itself, kind of boring. It sounds like this. (Ticking) Notice that it doesn't ______, it just plugs along quite happily. It can go slow or fast or whatever you like, really. The point is that just like the second hand on a clock divides one ______ into _____ _______, with each second just as long as every other second, the beat divides a piece of music into little fragments of time that are all the same length: beats. With a steady beat as a foundation, we can add rhythm to our pitches, and that's when music really starts to happen. This is a quarter note. It's the most basic unit of rhythm, and it's _____ one beat. This is a half note, and it's worth two beats. This whole note here is worth four beats, and these little guys are eighth notes, worth half a beat each. "Great," you say, "what does that mean?" You might have noticed that across the length of a staff, there are little lines ________ it into _____ ________. These are bar lines and we refer to each section as a bar. At the beginning of a piece of music, just after the clef, is something called the time signature, which tells a performer how many beats are in each bar. This says there are two _____ in each bar, this says there are three, this one four, and so on. The ______ number tells us what kind of note is to be used as the basic unit for the beat. One ___________ to a whole note, two to a half note, four to a quarter note, and eight to an eighth note, and so on. So this time signature here tells us that there are four _______ notes in each bar, one, two, three, four; one, two, three, four, and so on. But like I said before, if we just stick to the beat, it gets kind of boring, so we'll _______ some quarter notes with different rhythms. Notice that even though the number of notes in each bar has changed, the total number of beats in each bar hasn't. So, what does our musical creation sound like? (Music) Eh, sounds okay, but maybe a bit thin, right? Let's add another __________ with its own pitch and rhythm. Now it's sounding like music. Sure, it _____ some practice to get used to reading it quickly and playing what we see on our instrument, but, with a bit of time and patience, you could be the next Beethoven or Justin Bieber.

Solution

replace
beats
dividing
foundational
artists
takes
difference
played
higher
bottom
lines
called
quarter
compared
basic
piano
instrument
beethoven
minute
result
corresponds
condense
seconds
sixty
learned
musical
start
change
ledger
script
reference
separate
rhythm
notes
music
small
pitch
worth
sections

Original Text

When we watch a film or a play, we know that the actors probably learned their lines from a script, which essentially tells them what to say and when to say it. A piece of written music operates on exactly the same principle. In a very basic sense, it tells a performer what to play and when to play it. Aesthetically speaking, there's a world of difference between, say, Beethoven and Justin Bieber, but both artists have used the same building blocks to create their music: notes. And although the end result can sound quite complicated, the logic behind musical notes is actually pretty straightforward. Let's take a look at the foundational elements to music notation and how they interact to create a work of art. Music is written on five parallel lines that go across the page. These five lines are called a staff, and a staff operates on two axes: up and down and left to right. The up-and-down axis tells the performer the pitch of the note or what note to play, and the left-to-right axis tells the performer the rhythm of the note or when to play it. Let's start with pitch. To help us out, we're going to use a piano, but this system works for pretty much any instrument you can think of. In the Western music tradition, pitches are named after the first seven letters of the alphabet, A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. After that, the cycle repeats itself: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and so on. But how do these pitches get their names? Well, for example, if you played an F and then played another F higher or lower on the piano, you'd notice that they sound pretty similar compared to, say, a B. Going back to the staff, every line and every space between two lines represents a separate pitch. If we put a note on one of these lines or one of these spaces, we're telling a performer to play that pitch. The higher up on the staff a note is placed, the higher the pitch. But there are obviously many, many more pitches than the nine that these lines and spaces gives us. A grand piano, for example, can play 88 separate notes. So how do we condense 88 notes onto a single staff? We use something called a clef, a weird-looking figure placed at the beginning of the staff, which acts like a reference point, telling you that a particular line or space corresponds to a specific note on your instrument. If we want to play notes that aren't on the staff, we kind of cheat and draw extra little lines called ledger lines and place the notes on them. If we have to draw so many ledger lines that it gets confusing, then we need to change to a different clef. As for telling a performer when to play the notes, two main elements control this: the beat and the rhythm. The beat of a piece of music is, by itself, kind of boring. It sounds like this. (Ticking) Notice that it doesn't change, it just plugs along quite happily. It can go slow or fast or whatever you like, really. The point is that just like the second hand on a clock divides one minute into sixty seconds, with each second just as long as every other second, the beat divides a piece of music into little fragments of time that are all the same length: beats. With a steady beat as a foundation, we can add rhythm to our pitches, and that's when music really starts to happen. This is a quarter note. It's the most basic unit of rhythm, and it's worth one beat. This is a half note, and it's worth two beats. This whole note here is worth four beats, and these little guys are eighth notes, worth half a beat each. "Great," you say, "what does that mean?" You might have noticed that across the length of a staff, there are little lines dividing it into small sections. These are bar lines and we refer to each section as a bar. At the beginning of a piece of music, just after the clef, is something called the time signature, which tells a performer how many beats are in each bar. This says there are two beats in each bar, this says there are three, this one four, and so on. The bottom number tells us what kind of note is to be used as the basic unit for the beat. One corresponds to a whole note, two to a half note, four to a quarter note, and eight to an eighth note, and so on. So this time signature here tells us that there are four quarter notes in each bar, one, two, three, four; one, two, three, four, and so on. But like I said before, if we just stick to the beat, it gets kind of boring, so we'll replace some quarter notes with different rhythms. Notice that even though the number of notes in each bar has changed, the total number of beats in each bar hasn't. So, what does our musical creation sound like? (Music) Eh, sounds okay, but maybe a bit thin, right? Let's add another instrument with its own pitch and rhythm. Now it's sounding like music. Sure, it takes some practice to get used to reading it quickly and playing what we see on our instrument, but, with a bit of time and patience, you could be the next Beethoven or Justin Bieber.

Frequently Occurring Word Combinations

ngrams of length 2

collocation	frequency
axis tells	2
ledger lines	2
basic unit	2
quarter notes	2

Important Words

actors
acts
add
aesthetically
alphabet
art
artists
axis
bar
basic
beat
beats
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beginning
bieber
bit
blocks
boring
bottom
building
called
change
changed
cheat
clef
clock
compared
complicated
condense
confusing
control
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create
creation
cycle
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dividing
draw
eh
eighth
elements
essentially
extra
fast
figure
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foundational
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grand
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hand
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names
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note
notes
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number
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playing
plugs
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quarter
quickly
reading
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reference
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replace
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result
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seconds
section
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signature
similar
single
sixty
slow
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sounding
sounds
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speaking
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western
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