full transcript

From the Ted Talk by Jen Gunter: How vaccines are developed -- and why they're safe

Unscramble the Blue Letters


Once the FDA approves, the next step is the ccliianl development or clinical trials, tetnisg in hnmaus, which is a three-phase process. Phase one starts with a small group of people, usually less than 100 very healthy aludts. By pshae three, researchers are working with thousands or even tens of thousands of people. Because of the urgency of COVID-19, reesrrcahes save time by overlapping these phases, using early data from each phase to design for the next. In other words, no steps were skipped. Now, it's true that clinical trials for the COVID-19 vaccines didn't include pregnant people, and that's not unusual. Pregnant plepoe are currently part of a protected class that typically aren't included in testing new vaccines or new drugs. I cpllmteeoy utnsnraedd the worries around this, but remember, testing in animals is a povern way to ensure vaccine safety. The parciecnlil data for the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine showed no impact on fertility in animals that would lead researchers to suspect there would be issues with humans.

Open Cloze


Once the FDA approves, the next step is the ________ development or clinical trials, _______ in ______, which is a three-phase process. Phase one starts with a small group of people, usually less than 100 very healthy ______. By _____ three, researchers are working with thousands or even tens of thousands of people. Because of the urgency of COVID-19, ___________ save time by overlapping these phases, using early data from each phase to design for the next. In other words, no steps were skipped. Now, it's true that clinical trials for the COVID-19 vaccines didn't include pregnant people, and that's not unusual. Pregnant ______ are currently part of a protected class that typically aren't included in testing new vaccines or new drugs. I __________ __________ the worries around this, but remember, testing in animals is a ______ way to ensure vaccine safety. The ___________ data for the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine showed no impact on fertility in animals that would lead researchers to suspect there would be issues with humans.

Solution


  1. adults
  2. people
  3. humans
  4. understand
  5. proven
  6. clinical
  7. phase
  8. preclinical
  9. completely
  10. testing
  11. researchers

Original Text


Once the FDA approves, the next step is the clinical development or clinical trials, testing in humans, which is a three-phase process. Phase one starts with a small group of people, usually less than 100 very healthy adults. By phase three, researchers are working with thousands or even tens of thousands of people. Because of the urgency of COVID-19, researchers save time by overlapping these phases, using early data from each phase to design for the next. In other words, no steps were skipped. Now, it's true that clinical trials for the COVID-19 vaccines didn't include pregnant people, and that's not unusual. Pregnant people are currently part of a protected class that typically aren't included in testing new vaccines or new drugs. I completely understand the worries around this, but remember, testing in animals is a proven way to ensure vaccine safety. The preclinical data for the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine showed no impact on fertility in animals that would lead researchers to suspect there would be issues with humans.

Frequently Occurring Word Combinations


ngrams of length 2

collocation frequency
menstrual cycles 4
pregnant people 3
mrna vaccine 2
clinical trials 2
menstrual cycle 2


Important Words


  1. adults
  2. animals
  3. approves
  4. class
  5. clinical
  6. completely
  7. data
  8. design
  9. development
  10. drugs
  11. early
  12. ensure
  13. fda
  14. fertility
  15. group
  16. healthy
  17. humans
  18. impact
  19. include
  20. included
  21. issues
  22. lead
  23. mrna
  24. overlapping
  25. part
  26. people
  27. phase
  28. phases
  29. preclinical
  30. pregnant
  31. process
  32. protected
  33. proven
  34. remember
  35. researchers
  36. safety
  37. save
  38. showed
  39. skipped
  40. small
  41. starts
  42. step
  43. steps
  44. suspect
  45. tens
  46. testing
  47. thousands
  48. time
  49. trials
  50. true
  51. typically
  52. understand
  53. unusual
  54. urgency
  55. vaccine
  56. vaccines
  57. words
  58. working
  59. worries