TedTest

From the Ted Talk by Joy Lin: If superpowers were real Body mass

Unscramble the Blue Letters

Some superheroes can grow to the size of a building at will. That's very intimidating! But a stnieicst must ask where the extra material is coming from. The Law of Conservation of Mass iemlpis that mass can neither be created nor dereytosd, which means that our hero's mass will not change just because his size changes. For instance, when we bake a fflfuy sognpe cake, even though the resulting delicious treat is much beggir in size than the cake batter that went into the oven, the wgihet of the cake batter should still euaql the weight of the cake plus the moisture that has evaporated. In a chemical equation, molecules rearrange to make new cnpmuoods, but all the cnmnopoets should still be accounted for. When our hero expands from 6 feet tall to 18 feet tall, his height triples. Galileo's Square Cube Law says his weight will be 27 - 3 times 3 times 3 eulqas 27 - times his raugler weight since he has to expand in all three dimensions. So, when our superhero tarofnsmrs into a gnait, we are dealing with two potilssbieiis. Our hero tieornwg at 18 feet still only weighs 200 pounds, the original weight in this human form. Now, option two, our hero weighs 5,400 ponuds - 200 pounds times 27 equals 5,400 pounds - when he is 18 feet tall, which means he also weighs 5,400 pounds when he is 6 feet tall. Nobody can get in the same elevator with him without the alarm going off. Now, option two seems a little more scientifically plausible, but it begs the question, how does he ever walk through the park without sinking into the ground since the pressure he is exerting on the soil is calculated by his mass divided by the area of the bottom of his feet? And what kind of super socks and super sehos is he putting on his feet to withstand all the ficoritn that results from dragging his 5,400 pnoud body against the road when he runs? And can he even run? And I won't even ask how he finds pants flexible enough to watnsihtd the expansion. Now, let's explore the dneitsy of the two options mentioned above. Density is defined as mass divided by volume. The huamn body is made out of bones and flesh, which has a relatively set density. In option one, if the hero weighs 200 pounds all the time, then he would be bnoes and flesh at normal size. When he expands to a bigger size while still weighing 200 pounds, he esnaelltsiy turns himself into a giant, fluffy teddy bear. In option two, if the hero whgeis 5,400 pounds all the time, then he would be bones and flesh at 18 feet with 5,400 pounds of weight supported by two legs. The weight would be exerted on the leg bones at different angles as he mvoes. Bones, while hard, are not malleable, meaning they do not bend, so they break easily. The tendons would also be at risk of tnareig. Tall buildings stay standing because they have steel faerms and do not run and jump around in the jungle. Our hero, on the other hand, one landing at a bad angle and he's down. Assuming his bodily function is the same as any mammal's, his heart would need to pump a large amount of blood throughout his body to provide enough oxygen for him to move 5,400 pounds of body weight around. This would take tremendous energy, which he would need to pivrode by consuming 27 times 3,000 calories of food every day. Now, that is roughly 150 Big Macs. 27 teims 3,000 calculated equals 81,000 calculated slash 550 ceiralos equals 147. He wouldn't have time to fight crime because he would be eating all the time and working a 9-to-5 job in order to afford all the food he eats. And what about superheroes who can turn their bodies into rocks or sand? Well, everything on etrah is made out of elements. And what defines each element is the number of protons in the nucleus. That is how our periodic talbe is organized. Hydrogen has one proton, hielum, two prnoots, lithium, three protons, and so on. The pairmry component of the most common form of sand is silicon dioxide. Meanwhile, the human body cnsoitss of 65% oxygen, 18% carbon, 10% hydrogen, and 7% of various other elements including 0.002% of silicon. In a chemical reaction, the eneltems recombine to make new compounds. So, where is he getting all this soiicln necessary to make the sand? Sure, we can alter elements by nuclear fusion or nuclear fission. However, nuclear fusion requires so much heat, the only natural occurrence of this process is in satrs. In oedrr to utilize fusion in a short aunmot of time, the temperature of the area needs to be hotter than the Sun. Every innocent bystander will be burned to a crisp. Rapid neclaur fission is not any better since it often results in many radioactive particles. Our hero would become a walking, talking nuclear power pnlat, utlamelity harming every person he tries to save. And do you really want the heat of the Sun or a radioactive nuclear plant inside of your body? Now, which superpower physics lseson will you explore next? stnhifig body size and content, super seepd, flight, super strength, immortality, and iliniibvstiy.

Open Cloze

Some superheroes can grow to the size of a building at will. That's very intimidating! But a _________ must ask where the extra material is coming from. The Law of Conservation of Mass _______ that mass can neither be created nor _________, which means that our hero's mass will not change just because his size changes. For instance, when we bake a ______ ______ cake, even though the resulting delicious treat is much ______ in size than the cake batter that went into the oven, the ______ of the cake batter should still _____ the weight of the cake plus the moisture that has evaporated. In a chemical equation, molecules rearrange to make new _________, but all the __________ should still be accounted for. When our hero expands from 6 feet tall to 18 feet tall, his height triples. Galileo's Square Cube Law says his weight will be 27 - 3 times 3 times 3 ______ 27 - times his _______ weight since he has to expand in all three dimensions. So, when our superhero __________ into a _____, we are dealing with two _____________. Our hero ________ at 18 feet still only weighs 200 pounds, the original weight in this human form. Now, option two, our hero weighs 5,400 ______ - 200 pounds times 27 equals 5,400 pounds - when he is 18 feet tall, which means he also weighs 5,400 pounds when he is 6 feet tall. Nobody can get in the same elevator with him without the alarm going off. Now, option two seems a little more scientifically plausible, but it begs the question, how does he ever walk through the park without sinking into the ground since the pressure he is exerting on the soil is calculated by his mass divided by the area of the bottom of his feet? And what kind of super socks and super _____ is he putting on his feet to withstand all the ________ that results from dragging his 5,400 _____ body against the road when he runs? And can he even run? And I won't even ask how he finds pants flexible enough to _________ the expansion. Now, let's explore the _______ of the two options mentioned above. Density is defined as mass divided by volume. The _____ body is made out of bones and flesh, which has a relatively set density. In option one, if the hero weighs 200 pounds all the time, then he would be _____ and flesh at normal size. When he expands to a bigger size while still weighing 200 pounds, he ___________ turns himself into a giant, fluffy teddy bear. In option two, if the hero ______ 5,400 pounds all the time, then he would be bones and flesh at 18 feet with 5,400 pounds of weight supported by two legs. The weight would be exerted on the leg bones at different angles as he _____. Bones, while hard, are not malleable, meaning they do not bend, so they break easily. The tendons would also be at risk of _______. Tall buildings stay standing because they have steel ______ and do not run and jump around in the jungle. Our hero, on the other hand, one landing at a bad angle and he's down. Assuming his bodily function is the same as any mammal's, his heart would need to pump a large amount of blood throughout his body to provide enough oxygen for him to move 5,400 pounds of body weight around. This would take tremendous energy, which he would need to _______ by consuming 27 times 3,000 calories of food every day. Now, that is roughly 150 Big Macs. 27 _____ 3,000 calculated equals 81,000 calculated slash 550 ________ equals 147. He wouldn't have time to fight crime because he would be eating all the time and working a 9-to-5 job in order to afford all the food he eats. And what about superheroes who can turn their bodies into rocks or sand? Well, everything on _____ is made out of elements. And what defines each element is the number of protons in the nucleus. That is how our periodic _____ is organized. Hydrogen has one proton, ______, two _______, lithium, three protons, and so on. The _______ component of the most common form of sand is silicon dioxide. Meanwhile, the human body ________ of 65% oxygen, 18% carbon, 10% hydrogen, and 7% of various other elements including 0.002% of silicon. In a chemical reaction, the ________ recombine to make new compounds. So, where is he getting all this _______ necessary to make the sand? Sure, we can alter elements by nuclear fusion or nuclear fission. However, nuclear fusion requires so much heat, the only natural occurrence of this process is in _____. In _____ to utilize fusion in a short ______ of time, the temperature of the area needs to be hotter than the Sun. Every innocent bystander will be burned to a crisp. Rapid _______ fission is not any better since it often results in many radioactive particles. Our hero would become a walking, talking nuclear power _____, __________ harming every person he tries to save. And do you really want the heat of the Sun or a radioactive nuclear plant inside of your body? Now, which superpower physics ______ will you explore next? ________ body size and content, super _____, flight, super strength, immortality, and ____________.

Solution

essentially
silicon
transforms
stars
speed
regular
possibilities
bones
weight
shoes
friction
bigger
lesson
equals
helium
scientist
order
fluffy
weighs
withstand
moves
provide
table
compounds
human
frames
ultimately
towering
tearing
protons
amount
calories
invisibility
plant
shifting
implies
primary
density
earth
pound
times
destroyed
components
sponge
equal
elements
pounds
nuclear
consists
giant

Original Text

Some superheroes can grow to the size of a building at will. That's very intimidating! But a scientist must ask where the extra material is coming from. The Law of Conservation of Mass implies that mass can neither be created nor destroyed, which means that our hero's mass will not change just because his size changes. For instance, when we bake a fluffy sponge cake, even though the resulting delicious treat is much bigger in size than the cake batter that went into the oven, the weight of the cake batter should still equal the weight of the cake plus the moisture that has evaporated. In a chemical equation, molecules rearrange to make new compounds, but all the components should still be accounted for. When our hero expands from 6 feet tall to 18 feet tall, his height triples. Galileo's Square Cube Law says his weight will be 27 - 3 times 3 times 3 equals 27 - times his regular weight since he has to expand in all three dimensions. So, when our superhero transforms into a giant, we are dealing with two possibilities. Our hero towering at 18 feet still only weighs 200 pounds, the original weight in this human form. Now, option two, our hero weighs 5,400 pounds - 200 pounds times 27 equals 5,400 pounds - when he is 18 feet tall, which means he also weighs 5,400 pounds when he is 6 feet tall. Nobody can get in the same elevator with him without the alarm going off. Now, option two seems a little more scientifically plausible, but it begs the question, how does he ever walk through the park without sinking into the ground since the pressure he is exerting on the soil is calculated by his mass divided by the area of the bottom of his feet? And what kind of super socks and super shoes is he putting on his feet to withstand all the friction that results from dragging his 5,400 pound body against the road when he runs? And can he even run? And I won't even ask how he finds pants flexible enough to withstand the expansion. Now, let's explore the density of the two options mentioned above. Density is defined as mass divided by volume. The human body is made out of bones and flesh, which has a relatively set density. In option one, if the hero weighs 200 pounds all the time, then he would be bones and flesh at normal size. When he expands to a bigger size while still weighing 200 pounds, he essentially turns himself into a giant, fluffy teddy bear. In option two, if the hero weighs 5,400 pounds all the time, then he would be bones and flesh at 18 feet with 5,400 pounds of weight supported by two legs. The weight would be exerted on the leg bones at different angles as he moves. Bones, while hard, are not malleable, meaning they do not bend, so they break easily. The tendons would also be at risk of tearing. Tall buildings stay standing because they have steel frames and do not run and jump around in the jungle. Our hero, on the other hand, one landing at a bad angle and he's down. Assuming his bodily function is the same as any mammal's, his heart would need to pump a large amount of blood throughout his body to provide enough oxygen for him to move 5,400 pounds of body weight around. This would take tremendous energy, which he would need to provide by consuming 27 times 3,000 calories of food every day. Now, that is roughly 150 Big Macs. 27 times 3,000 calculated equals 81,000 calculated slash 550 calories equals 147. He wouldn't have time to fight crime because he would be eating all the time and working a 9-to-5 job in order to afford all the food he eats. And what about superheroes who can turn their bodies into rocks or sand? Well, everything on Earth is made out of elements. And what defines each element is the number of protons in the nucleus. That is how our periodic table is organized. Hydrogen has one proton, helium, two protons, lithium, three protons, and so on. The primary component of the most common form of sand is silicon dioxide. Meanwhile, the human body consists of 65% oxygen, 18% carbon, 10% hydrogen, and 7% of various other elements including 0.002% of silicon. In a chemical reaction, the elements recombine to make new compounds. So, where is he getting all this silicon necessary to make the sand? Sure, we can alter elements by nuclear fusion or nuclear fission. However, nuclear fusion requires so much heat, the only natural occurrence of this process is in stars. In order to utilize fusion in a short amount of time, the temperature of the area needs to be hotter than the Sun. Every innocent bystander will be burned to a crisp. Rapid nuclear fission is not any better since it often results in many radioactive particles. Our hero would become a walking, talking nuclear power plant, ultimately harming every person he tries to save. And do you really want the heat of the Sun or a radioactive nuclear plant inside of your body? Now, which superpower physics lesson will you explore next? Shifting body size and content, super speed, flight, super strength, immortality, and invisibility.

Frequently Occurring Word Combinations

ngrams of length 2

collocation	frequency
hero weighs	3
cake batter	2
feet tall	2
mass divided	2
human body	2
nuclear fusion	2
nuclear fission	2

Important Words

accounted
afford
alarm
alter
amount
angle
angles
area
assuming
bad
bake
batter
bear
begs
bend
big
bigger
blood
bodies
bodily
body
bones
bottom
break
building
buildings
burned
bystander
cake
calculated
calories
carbon
change
chemical
coming
common
component
components
compounds
conservation
consists
consuming
content
created
crime
crisp
cube
day
dealing
defined
defines
delicious
density
destroyed
dimensions
dioxide
divided
dragging
earth
easily
eating
eats
element
elements
elevator
energy
equal
equals
equation
essentially
evaporated
exerted
exerting
expand
expands
expansion
explore
extra
feet
fight
finds
fission
flesh
flexible
flight
fluffy
food
form
frames
friction
function
fusion
giant
ground
grow
hand
hard
harming
heart
heat
height
helium
hero
hotter
human
hydrogen
immortality
implies
including
innocent
instance
invisibility
job
jump
jungle
kind
landing
large
law
leg
legs
lesson
lithium
macs
malleable
mass
material
meaning
means
mentioned
moisture
molecules
move
moves
natural
normal
nuclear
nucleus
number
occurrence
option
options
order
organized
original
oven
oxygen
pants
park
particles
periodic
person
physics
plant
plausible
possibilities
pound
pounds
power
pressure
primary
process
proton
protons
provide
pump
putting
question
radioactive
rapid
reaction
rearrange
recombine
regular
requires
resulting
results
risk
road
rocks
roughly
run
runs
sand
save
scientifically
scientist
set
shifting
shoes
short
silicon
sinking
size
slash
socks
soil
speed
sponge
square
standing
stars
stay
steel
strength
sun
super
superhero
superheroes
superpower
supported
table
talking
tall
tearing
teddy
temperature
tendons
time
times
towering
transforms
treat
tremendous
triples
turn
turns
ultimately
utilize
volume
walk
walking
weighing
weighs
weight
withstand
working