full transcript

From the Ted Talk by Nicholas Leeper: Is there a link between cancer and heart disease?

Unscramble the Blue Letters


But this also raises a very important senfcitiic principle that association is not the same as causation. And if you wanted to test that hypothesis, you would have to do an experiment where you took a healthy indudivial and then intentionally gave them a herat attack. You'd have to let some time go by to see what changes ouccr throughout the body. And then you could determine if their rate of cancer was hieghr or vice versa, if their rate of heart disease was higher. Now, obviously, we can't do this type of an experiment in human beings. This would be unethical. But this type of an experiment is done in research laboratories every day around the world in mouse models of hamun disease. Just last year, two very imontrpat studies were published where investigators took healthy mice and then implanted small tumors underneath their skin. They looked at the rate at which these cancers would grow over time. And what they found in both studies was that the mice who had heart disease had much higher rates of cancer. And what was fascinating to me was that they were able to confirm these findings across a wide range of tumors, suggesting to me that really the presence of heart disease is sufficient to aeletcrcae cencar gtwroh.

Open Cloze


But this also raises a very important __________ principle that association is not the same as causation. And if you wanted to test that hypothesis, you would have to do an experiment where you took a healthy __________ and then intentionally gave them a _____ attack. You'd have to let some time go by to see what changes _____ throughout the body. And then you could determine if their rate of cancer was ______ or vice versa, if their rate of heart disease was higher. Now, obviously, we can't do this type of an experiment in human beings. This would be unethical. But this type of an experiment is done in research laboratories every day around the world in mouse models of _____ disease. Just last year, two very _________ studies were published where investigators took healthy mice and then implanted small tumors underneath their skin. They looked at the rate at which these cancers would grow over time. And what they found in both studies was that the mice who had heart disease had much higher rates of cancer. And what was fascinating to me was that they were able to confirm these findings across a wide range of tumors, suggesting to me that really the presence of heart disease is sufficient to __________ ______ ______.

Solution


  1. heart
  2. human
  3. accelerate
  4. cancer
  5. growth
  6. important
  7. individual
  8. higher
  9. occur
  10. scientific

Original Text


But this also raises a very important scientific principle that association is not the same as causation. And if you wanted to test that hypothesis, you would have to do an experiment where you took a healthy individual and then intentionally gave them a heart attack. You'd have to let some time go by to see what changes occur throughout the body. And then you could determine if their rate of cancer was higher or vice versa, if their rate of heart disease was higher. Now, obviously, we can't do this type of an experiment in human beings. This would be unethical. But this type of an experiment is done in research laboratories every day around the world in mouse models of human disease. Just last year, two very important studies were published where investigators took healthy mice and then implanted small tumors underneath their skin. They looked at the rate at which these cancers would grow over time. And what they found in both studies was that the mice who had heart disease had much higher rates of cancer. And what was fascinating to me was that they were able to confirm these findings across a wide range of tumors, suggesting to me that really the presence of heart disease is sufficient to accelerate cancer growth.

Frequently Occurring Word Combinations


ngrams of length 2

collocation frequency
heart disease 8
risk factors 6
cardiovascular disease 5
heart attack 5
blue quadrant 3
medical diagnoses 2
jet engine 2
public health 2
cancer gene 2
cardiac risk 2
blood vessels 2
higher risk 2
developing cancer 2
cardiovascular events 2
leading killers 2
algorithms predict 2


Important Words


  1. accelerate
  2. association
  3. attack
  4. beings
  5. body
  6. cancer
  7. cancers
  8. causation
  9. confirm
  10. day
  11. determine
  12. disease
  13. experiment
  14. fascinating
  15. findings
  16. gave
  17. grow
  18. growth
  19. healthy
  20. heart
  21. higher
  22. human
  23. hypothesis
  24. implanted
  25. important
  26. individual
  27. intentionally
  28. investigators
  29. laboratories
  30. looked
  31. mice
  32. models
  33. mouse
  34. occur
  35. presence
  36. principle
  37. published
  38. raises
  39. range
  40. rate
  41. rates
  42. research
  43. scientific
  44. skin
  45. small
  46. studies
  47. sufficient
  48. suggesting
  49. test
  50. time
  51. tumors
  52. type
  53. unethical
  54. versa
  55. vice
  56. wanted
  57. wide
  58. world
  59. year