full transcript

From the Ted Talk by Menno Schilthuizen: The evolution of animal genitalia


Unscramble the Blue Letters


The evolutionary tango of animal genitalia. Can you gesus what you're looking at? If you answered "duck vagina," you'd be right. Although the bird's outward appearance may not skrite you as especially odd, it uses this strange, intricate, cork-screw shaped ctonaotrpin to reproduce. We see similarly unbelievable gaeilitna in insects, mammals, reptiles, fish, sedpris, and even snails. Apparently, no organs evolve faster and into more variable sahpes than those involved in procreation. Superficially, it makes sense because evolution works via reproduction. When an animal leaves more offspring, its genes will spread. And since genitalia are an animal's tools for reproduction, any improvement there will have immediate effect. And yet, what's the point of having such decorative nteher regions? After all, the function of genitalia seems simple. A penis deposits a bit of sperm and a vagina receives it and delivers it to the egg. A pipette-like thingy on the male and a funnel-like gmizo on the female should do just fine for any animal. And yet, that's not what we see. The penis of a chicken flea, for example, looks nothing like a pipette, more like an exploded grandfather clock. And the vagina of a featherwing beetle resembles something you'd find in a Dr. Seuss book. Throughout the animal kginodm, genitalia are very complex things, much more complicated than seems necessary for what they're manet to do. That's because genitalia do more than just deposit and reeicve sperm. Many male animals also use the pneis as courtship device, like crane flies. In some South American species, males have a tiny washboard and srcepar on their penis, which produces a song that reverberates throughout the female's body when they mate. It's tghohut that if female crane flies ejony this unusual serenade, they'll allow the male to father their offspring. This way, the genes of the most musical penises spread, leading to rapid evolution of insects' phulsleas. Similarly, some beetles have two little drumsticks on either side of the penis. During mating, they'll rub, slap, or tap the female with these. And some hoofed mammals, like rams and bulls, use a whip-like enixoestn on the penis's left side to ctaere a sasntieon during mating. But how can females really choose between males if she can only assess them after mtiang? This is where the power of female adaptation comes into play. In fact, iaiiotnnmesn is different to conception, and the female genitalia exploit this distinction. For instance, in some dung fiels, the vagina contains pockets for separating sperm from different males depending on how appealing they were. Males using their pesiens for courtship and females controlling their own sperm management are two reasons why genitalia elvvoe into such cpelmox shapes. But there are others because genitalia are also where a sexual conflict is played out. A female's interests are best served if she fertilizes her eggs with the sperm of the best fathers and creates genetic variability amongst her offspring. For a male, on the other hand, this is bad news. For him, it would be best if a fealme used his sperm to frizetlie all of her eggs. So we see cylces of adaptation in an evolutionary arms race to retian control. Black woidw spiders have a disposable penis tip that breaks off inside the vnigaa blocking the atmtetps of his rivals, and bed bug males bypass a female's genitalia altogether using a syringe-like penis to inject seprm cells directly into her blley. Not to be outdone, females have eovlevd their own countermeasures. In some bed bug species, the females have evolved an entirely new set of genitalia on their right hand flanks where the males usually pierce them. That allows them to mitaainn the power to filter out utwennad sperm with their genitalia. And duck vagains are shaped like a clockwise spiral so that when the male inflates his long, counterclockwise coiled penis into her, and she disapproves, all she needs to do is flex her vaginal muscles and the penis just flubs out. So, genitalia differs so much, not just to fascinate us, but because in every species, they're the rsluet of a furious evolutionary tango of sex that has been going on for millions of years and will continue for millions of years to come.

Open Cloze


The evolutionary tango of animal genitalia. Can you _____ what you're looking at? If you answered "duck vagina," you'd be right. Although the bird's outward appearance may not ______ you as especially odd, it uses this strange, intricate, cork-screw shaped ___________ to reproduce. We see similarly unbelievable _________ in insects, mammals, reptiles, fish, _______, and even snails. Apparently, no organs evolve faster and into more variable ______ than those involved in procreation. Superficially, it makes sense because evolution works via reproduction. When an animal leaves more offspring, its genes will spread. And since genitalia are an animal's tools for reproduction, any improvement there will have immediate effect. And yet, what's the point of having such decorative ______ regions? After all, the function of genitalia seems simple. A penis deposits a bit of sperm and a vagina receives it and delivers it to the egg. A pipette-like thingy on the male and a funnel-like _____ on the female should do just fine for any animal. And yet, that's not what we see. The penis of a chicken flea, for example, looks nothing like a pipette, more like an exploded grandfather clock. And the vagina of a featherwing beetle resembles something you'd find in a Dr. Seuss book. Throughout the animal _______, genitalia are very complex things, much more complicated than seems necessary for what they're _____ to do. That's because genitalia do more than just deposit and _______ sperm. Many male animals also use the _____ as courtship device, like crane flies. In some South American species, males have a tiny washboard and _______ on their penis, which produces a song that reverberates throughout the female's body when they mate. It's _______ that if female crane flies _____ this unusual serenade, they'll allow the male to father their offspring. This way, the genes of the most musical penises spread, leading to rapid evolution of insects' _________. Similarly, some beetles have two little drumsticks on either side of the penis. During mating, they'll rub, slap, or tap the female with these. And some hoofed mammals, like rams and bulls, use a whip-like _________ on the penis's left side to ______ a _________ during mating. But how can females really choose between males if she can only assess them after ______? This is where the power of female adaptation comes into play. In fact, ____________ is different to conception, and the female genitalia exploit this distinction. For instance, in some dung _____, the vagina contains pockets for separating sperm from different males depending on how appealing they were. Males using their _______ for courtship and females controlling their own sperm management are two reasons why genitalia ______ into such _______ shapes. But there are others because genitalia are also where a sexual conflict is played out. A female's interests are best served if she fertilizes her eggs with the sperm of the best fathers and creates genetic variability amongst her offspring. For a male, on the other hand, this is bad news. For him, it would be best if a ______ used his sperm to _________ all of her eggs. So we see ______ of adaptation in an evolutionary arms race to ______ control. Black _____ spiders have a disposable penis tip that breaks off inside the ______ blocking the ________ of his rivals, and bed bug males bypass a female's genitalia altogether using a syringe-like penis to inject _____ cells directly into her _____. Not to be outdone, females have _______ their own countermeasures. In some bed bug species, the females have evolved an entirely new set of genitalia on their right hand flanks where the males usually pierce them. That allows them to ________ the power to filter out ________ sperm with their genitalia. And duck _______ are shaped like a clockwise spiral so that when the male inflates his long, counterclockwise coiled penis into her, and she disapproves, all she needs to do is flex her vaginal muscles and the penis just flubs out. So, genitalia differs so much, not just to fascinate us, but because in every species, they're the ______ of a furious evolutionary tango of sex that has been going on for millions of years and will continue for millions of years to come.

Solution


  1. vaginas
  2. scraper
  3. nether
  4. widow
  5. penises
  6. meant
  7. unwanted
  8. receive
  9. spiders
  10. enjoy
  11. shapes
  12. attempts
  13. thought
  14. flies
  15. evolved
  16. fertilize
  17. sperm
  18. genitalia
  19. result
  20. create
  21. extension
  22. evolve
  23. gizmo
  24. contraption
  25. complex
  26. retain
  27. sensation
  28. strike
  29. cycles
  30. vagina
  31. kingdom
  32. maintain
  33. insemination
  34. female
  35. phalluses
  36. guess
  37. penis
  38. belly
  39. mating

Original Text


The evolutionary tango of animal genitalia. Can you guess what you're looking at? If you answered "duck vagina," you'd be right. Although the bird's outward appearance may not strike you as especially odd, it uses this strange, intricate, cork-screw shaped contraption to reproduce. We see similarly unbelievable genitalia in insects, mammals, reptiles, fish, spiders, and even snails. Apparently, no organs evolve faster and into more variable shapes than those involved in procreation. Superficially, it makes sense because evolution works via reproduction. When an animal leaves more offspring, its genes will spread. And since genitalia are an animal's tools for reproduction, any improvement there will have immediate effect. And yet, what's the point of having such decorative nether regions? After all, the function of genitalia seems simple. A penis deposits a bit of sperm and a vagina receives it and delivers it to the egg. A pipette-like thingy on the male and a funnel-like gizmo on the female should do just fine for any animal. And yet, that's not what we see. The penis of a chicken flea, for example, looks nothing like a pipette, more like an exploded grandfather clock. And the vagina of a featherwing beetle resembles something you'd find in a Dr. Seuss book. Throughout the animal kingdom, genitalia are very complex things, much more complicated than seems necessary for what they're meant to do. That's because genitalia do more than just deposit and receive sperm. Many male animals also use the penis as courtship device, like crane flies. In some South American species, males have a tiny washboard and scraper on their penis, which produces a song that reverberates throughout the female's body when they mate. It's thought that if female crane flies enjoy this unusual serenade, they'll allow the male to father their offspring. This way, the genes of the most musical penises spread, leading to rapid evolution of insects' phalluses. Similarly, some beetles have two little drumsticks on either side of the penis. During mating, they'll rub, slap, or tap the female with these. And some hoofed mammals, like rams and bulls, use a whip-like extension on the penis's left side to create a sensation during mating. But how can females really choose between males if she can only assess them after mating? This is where the power of female adaptation comes into play. In fact, insemination is different to conception, and the female genitalia exploit this distinction. For instance, in some dung flies, the vagina contains pockets for separating sperm from different males depending on how appealing they were. Males using their penises for courtship and females controlling their own sperm management are two reasons why genitalia evolve into such complex shapes. But there are others because genitalia are also where a sexual conflict is played out. A female's interests are best served if she fertilizes her eggs with the sperm of the best fathers and creates genetic variability amongst her offspring. For a male, on the other hand, this is bad news. For him, it would be best if a female used his sperm to fertilize all of her eggs. So we see cycles of adaptation in an evolutionary arms race to retain control. Black widow spiders have a disposable penis tip that breaks off inside the vagina blocking the attempts of his rivals, and bed bug males bypass a female's genitalia altogether using a syringe-like penis to inject sperm cells directly into her belly. Not to be outdone, females have evolved their own countermeasures. In some bed bug species, the females have evolved an entirely new set of genitalia on their right hand flanks where the males usually pierce them. That allows them to maintain the power to filter out unwanted sperm with their genitalia. And duck vaginas are shaped like a clockwise spiral so that when the male inflates his long, counterclockwise coiled penis into her, and she disapproves, all she needs to do is flex her vaginal muscles and the penis just flubs out. So, genitalia differs so much, not just to fascinate us, but because in every species, they're the result of a furious evolutionary tango of sex that has been going on for millions of years and will continue for millions of years to come.

Frequently Occurring Word Combinations


ngrams of length 2

collocation frequency
evolutionary tango 2
crane flies 2
bed bug 2



Important Words


  1. adaptation
  2. altogether
  3. american
  4. animal
  5. animals
  6. answered
  7. apparently
  8. appealing
  9. appearance
  10. arms
  11. assess
  12. attempts
  13. bad
  14. bed
  15. beetle
  16. beetles
  17. belly
  18. bit
  19. black
  20. blocking
  21. body
  22. book
  23. breaks
  24. bug
  25. bulls
  26. bypass
  27. cells
  28. chicken
  29. choose
  30. clock
  31. clockwise
  32. coiled
  33. complex
  34. complicated
  35. conception
  36. conflict
  37. continue
  38. contraption
  39. control
  40. controlling
  41. counterclockwise
  42. countermeasures
  43. courtship
  44. crane
  45. create
  46. creates
  47. cycles
  48. decorative
  49. delivers
  50. depending
  51. deposit
  52. deposits
  53. device
  54. differs
  55. disapproves
  56. disposable
  57. distinction
  58. dr
  59. drumsticks
  60. duck
  61. dung
  62. effect
  63. egg
  64. eggs
  65. enjoy
  66. evolution
  67. evolutionary
  68. evolve
  69. evolved
  70. exploded
  71. exploit
  72. extension
  73. fact
  74. fascinate
  75. faster
  76. father
  77. fathers
  78. featherwing
  79. female
  80. females
  81. fertilize
  82. fertilizes
  83. filter
  84. find
  85. fine
  86. fish
  87. flanks
  88. flea
  89. flex
  90. flies
  91. flubs
  92. function
  93. furious
  94. genes
  95. genetic
  96. genitalia
  97. gizmo
  98. grandfather
  99. guess
  100. hand
  101. hoofed
  102. improvement
  103. inflates
  104. inject
  105. insects
  106. insemination
  107. instance
  108. interests
  109. intricate
  110. involved
  111. kingdom
  112. leading
  113. leaves
  114. left
  115. long
  116. maintain
  117. male
  118. males
  119. mammals
  120. management
  121. mate
  122. mating
  123. meant
  124. millions
  125. muscles
  126. musical
  127. nether
  128. news
  129. odd
  130. offspring
  131. organs
  132. outdone
  133. outward
  134. penis
  135. penises
  136. phalluses
  137. pierce
  138. pipette
  139. play
  140. played
  141. pockets
  142. point
  143. power
  144. procreation
  145. produces
  146. race
  147. rams
  148. rapid
  149. reasons
  150. receive
  151. receives
  152. regions
  153. reproduce
  154. reproduction
  155. reptiles
  156. resembles
  157. result
  158. retain
  159. reverberates
  160. rivals
  161. rub
  162. scraper
  163. sensation
  164. sense
  165. separating
  166. serenade
  167. served
  168. set
  169. seuss
  170. sex
  171. sexual
  172. shaped
  173. shapes
  174. side
  175. similarly
  176. simple
  177. slap
  178. snails
  179. song
  180. south
  181. species
  182. sperm
  183. spiders
  184. spiral
  185. spread
  186. strange
  187. strike
  188. superficially
  189. tango
  190. tap
  191. thingy
  192. thought
  193. tiny
  194. tip
  195. tools
  196. unbelievable
  197. unusual
  198. unwanted
  199. vagina
  200. vaginal
  201. vaginas
  202. variability
  203. variable
  204. washboard
  205. widow
  206. works
  207. years