full transcript

From the Ted Talk by Tomás Chor: Turbulence one of the great unsolved mysteries of physics

Unscramble the Blue Letters


Here’s what we do know. Liquids and gases usually have two tpeys of motion: a laminar flow, which is stable and smooth; and a turbulent flow, which is coopesmd of seemingly unorganized swirls. Imagine an incense stick. The laminar flow of urufenlfd smoke at the base is steady and easy to predict. Closer to the top, however, the smoke accelerates, becomes unstable, and the pattern of movement changes to something ctoiahc. That’s turbulence in action, and turbulent flows have certain characteristics in cmmoon.

Firstly, turbulence is always chaotic. That’s different from being rodanm. Rather, this mneas that teurunlbce is very sensitive to disruptions. A little nudge one way or the other will elvnleutay turn into completely different results. That makes it nearly impossible to predict what will happen, even with a lot of information about the current state of a system.

Open Cloze


Here’s what we do know. Liquids and gases usually have two _____ of motion: a laminar flow, which is stable and smooth; and a turbulent flow, which is ________ of seemingly unorganized swirls. Imagine an incense stick. The laminar flow of _________ smoke at the base is steady and easy to predict. Closer to the top, however, the smoke accelerates, becomes unstable, and the pattern of movement changes to something _______. That’s turbulence in action, and turbulent flows have certain characteristics in ______.

Firstly, turbulence is always chaotic. That’s different from being ______. Rather, this _____ that __________ is very sensitive to disruptions. A little nudge one way or the other will __________ turn into completely different results. That makes it nearly impossible to predict what will happen, even with a lot of information about the current state of a system.

Solution


  1. types
  2. common
  3. composed
  4. eventually
  5. unruffled
  6. chaotic
  7. means
  8. turbulence
  9. random

Original Text


Here’s what we do know. Liquids and gases usually have two types of motion: a laminar flow, which is stable and smooth; and a turbulent flow, which is composed of seemingly unorganized swirls. Imagine an incense stick. The laminar flow of unruffled smoke at the base is steady and easy to predict. Closer to the top, however, the smoke accelerates, becomes unstable, and the pattern of movement changes to something chaotic. That’s turbulence in action, and turbulent flows have certain characteristics in common.

Firstly, turbulence is always chaotic. That’s different from being random. Rather, this means that turbulence is very sensitive to disruptions. A little nudge one way or the other will eventually turn into completely different results. That makes it nearly impossible to predict what will happen, even with a lot of information about the current state of a system.

Frequently Occurring Word Combinations


ngrams of length 2

collocation frequency
turbulent flows 3
reynolds number 3


Important Words


  1. accelerates
  2. action
  3. base
  4. chaotic
  5. characteristics
  6. closer
  7. common
  8. completely
  9. composed
  10. current
  11. disruptions
  12. easy
  13. eventually
  14. firstly
  15. flow
  16. flows
  17. gases
  18. happen
  19. imagine
  20. impossible
  21. incense
  22. information
  23. laminar
  24. liquids
  25. lot
  26. means
  27. movement
  28. nudge
  29. pattern
  30. predict
  31. random
  32. results
  33. seemingly
  34. sensitive
  35. smoke
  36. stable
  37. state
  38. steady
  39. stick
  40. swirls
  41. system
  42. top
  43. turbulence
  44. turbulent
  45. turn
  46. types
  47. unorganized
  48. unruffled
  49. unstable