full transcript

From the Ted Talk by Craig A. Kohn: What are stem cells?


Unscramble the Blue Letters


Imagine two people are listening to misuc. What are the odds that they are listening to the exact same playlist? Probably pterty low. After all, everyone has very different tastes in music. Now, what are the odds that your body will need the exact same medical care and treatment as another person's body? Even lower. As we go through our lvies, each of us will have very different needs for our own healthcare. sneiitcsts and doctors are constantly researching ways to make medicine more personalized. One way they are doing this is by researching stem cells. Stem cells are cells that are undifferentiated, meaning they do not have a specific job or function. While skin cells protect your body, muslce cells contract, and nerve cells send signals, stem cells do not have any specific structures or fointcuns. Stem cells do have the potential to become all other kinds of clels in your body. Your body uses stem cells to replace worn-out cells when they die. For example, you completely replace the liinng of your ieisnettns every four days. Stem cells beneath the lining of your intestines reapcle these cells as they wear out. Scientists hope that stem cells could be used to create a very special kind of personalized medicine in which we could replace your own body parts with, well, your own body parts. Stem cell researchers are working hard to find ways in which to use stem cells to create new tissue to replace the parts of organs that are damaged by injury or disease. Using stem cells to replace damaged bodily tissue is called regenerative medicine. For example, scientists currently use stem cells to taret patients with blood diseases such as leukemia. lkeemiua is a form of canecr that afftecs your bone marrow. Bone morarw is the spongy tissue inside your bones where your blood cells are created. In leukemia, some of the cells inside your bone marrow grow uncontrollably, crowding out the healthy stem cells that form your blood cells. Some leukemia patients can receive a stem cell tanslprnat. These new stem cells will create the boold cells needed by the patient's body. There are actually mllitpue kinds of stem cells that scientists can use for medical treatments and research. Adult stem cells or tissue-specific stem cells are found in small numbers in most of your body's tsusies. Tissue-specific stem cells replace the etnixsig cells in your organs as they wear out and die. Embryonic stem cells are created from leftover embryos that are winlglliy datneod by pietants from ftreiltiy clinics. Unlike tissue-specific stem cells, embryonic stem cells are pluripotent. This menas that they can be grown into any kind of tissue in the body. A third kind of stem cells is called induced prepolinutt stem cells. These are regular skin, fat, liver, or other cells that scientists have caeghnd to bevahe like embryonic stem cells. Like embryonic stem cells, they, too, can become any kind of cell in the body. While scientists and doctors hope to use all of these kinds of stem cells to create new tuisse to heal your body, they can also use stem cells to help understand how the body works. Scientists can wtcah stem cells develop into tissue to understand the mechnanisms that the body uses to create new tissue in a controlled and rlueetgad way. Scientists hope that with more research, they can not only develop specialized medicine that is sfcpieic to your body but also better understand how your body functions, both when it's healthy and when it's not.

Open Cloze


Imagine two people are listening to _____. What are the odds that they are listening to the exact same playlist? Probably ______ low. After all, everyone has very different tastes in music. Now, what are the odds that your body will need the exact same medical care and treatment as another person's body? Even lower. As we go through our _____, each of us will have very different needs for our own healthcare. __________ and doctors are constantly researching ways to make medicine more personalized. One way they are doing this is by researching stem cells. Stem cells are cells that are undifferentiated, meaning they do not have a specific job or function. While skin cells protect your body, ______ cells contract, and nerve cells send signals, stem cells do not have any specific structures or _________. Stem cells do have the potential to become all other kinds of _____ in your body. Your body uses stem cells to replace worn-out cells when they die. For example, you completely replace the ______ of your __________ every four days. Stem cells beneath the lining of your intestines _______ these cells as they wear out. Scientists hope that stem cells could be used to create a very special kind of personalized medicine in which we could replace your own body parts with, well, your own body parts. Stem cell researchers are working hard to find ways in which to use stem cells to create new tissue to replace the parts of organs that are damaged by injury or disease. Using stem cells to replace damaged bodily tissue is called regenerative medicine. For example, scientists currently use stem cells to _____ patients with blood diseases such as leukemia. ________ is a form of ______ that _______ your bone marrow. Bone ______ is the spongy tissue inside your bones where your blood cells are created. In leukemia, some of the cells inside your bone marrow grow uncontrollably, crowding out the healthy stem cells that form your blood cells. Some leukemia patients can receive a stem cell __________. These new stem cells will create the _____ cells needed by the patient's body. There are actually ________ kinds of stem cells that scientists can use for medical treatments and research. Adult stem cells or tissue-specific stem cells are found in small numbers in most of your body's _______. Tissue-specific stem cells replace the ________ cells in your organs as they wear out and die. Embryonic stem cells are created from leftover embryos that are _________ _______ by ________ from _________ clinics. Unlike tissue-specific stem cells, embryonic stem cells are pluripotent. This _____ that they can be grown into any kind of tissue in the body. A third kind of stem cells is called induced ___________ stem cells. These are regular skin, fat, liver, or other cells that scientists have _______ to ______ like embryonic stem cells. Like embryonic stem cells, they, too, can become any kind of cell in the body. While scientists and doctors hope to use all of these kinds of stem cells to create new ______ to heal your body, they can also use stem cells to help understand how the body works. Scientists can _____ stem cells develop into tissue to understand the mechnanisms that the body uses to create new tissue in a controlled and _________ way. Scientists hope that with more research, they can not only develop specialized medicine that is ________ to your body but also better understand how your body functions, both when it's healthy and when it's not.

Solution


  1. replace
  2. lining
  3. changed
  4. multiple
  5. pretty
  6. willingly
  7. muscle
  8. tissue
  9. behave
  10. tissues
  11. lives
  12. scientists
  13. cancer
  14. transplant
  15. intestines
  16. pluripotent
  17. functions
  18. existing
  19. cells
  20. treat
  21. watch
  22. leukemia
  23. blood
  24. fertility
  25. regulated
  26. specific
  27. donated
  28. music
  29. means
  30. affects
  31. marrow
  32. patients

Original Text


Imagine two people are listening to music. What are the odds that they are listening to the exact same playlist? Probably pretty low. After all, everyone has very different tastes in music. Now, what are the odds that your body will need the exact same medical care and treatment as another person's body? Even lower. As we go through our lives, each of us will have very different needs for our own healthcare. Scientists and doctors are constantly researching ways to make medicine more personalized. One way they are doing this is by researching stem cells. Stem cells are cells that are undifferentiated, meaning they do not have a specific job or function. While skin cells protect your body, muscle cells contract, and nerve cells send signals, stem cells do not have any specific structures or functions. Stem cells do have the potential to become all other kinds of cells in your body. Your body uses stem cells to replace worn-out cells when they die. For example, you completely replace the lining of your intestines every four days. Stem cells beneath the lining of your intestines replace these cells as they wear out. Scientists hope that stem cells could be used to create a very special kind of personalized medicine in which we could replace your own body parts with, well, your own body parts. Stem cell researchers are working hard to find ways in which to use stem cells to create new tissue to replace the parts of organs that are damaged by injury or disease. Using stem cells to replace damaged bodily tissue is called regenerative medicine. For example, scientists currently use stem cells to treat patients with blood diseases such as leukemia. Leukemia is a form of cancer that affects your bone marrow. Bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside your bones where your blood cells are created. In leukemia, some of the cells inside your bone marrow grow uncontrollably, crowding out the healthy stem cells that form your blood cells. Some leukemia patients can receive a stem cell transplant. These new stem cells will create the blood cells needed by the patient's body. There are actually multiple kinds of stem cells that scientists can use for medical treatments and research. Adult stem cells or tissue-specific stem cells are found in small numbers in most of your body's tissues. Tissue-specific stem cells replace the existing cells in your organs as they wear out and die. Embryonic stem cells are created from leftover embryos that are willingly donated by patients from fertility clinics. Unlike tissue-specific stem cells, embryonic stem cells are pluripotent. This means that they can be grown into any kind of tissue in the body. A third kind of stem cells is called induced pluripotent stem cells. These are regular skin, fat, liver, or other cells that scientists have changed to behave like embryonic stem cells. Like embryonic stem cells, they, too, can become any kind of cell in the body. While scientists and doctors hope to use all of these kinds of stem cells to create new tissue to heal your body, they can also use stem cells to help understand how the body works. Scientists can watch stem cells develop into tissue to understand the mechnanisms that the body uses to create new tissue in a controlled and regulated way. Scientists hope that with more research, they can not only develop specialized medicine that is specific to your body but also better understand how your body functions, both when it's healthy and when it's not.

Frequently Occurring Word Combinations


ngrams of length 2

collocation frequency
stem cells 24
embryonic stem 4
bone marrow 3
blood cells 3
scientists hope 2
body parts 2
stem cell 2

ngrams of length 3

collocation frequency
embryonic stem cells 3


Important Words


  1. adult
  2. affects
  3. behave
  4. beneath
  5. blood
  6. bodily
  7. body
  8. bone
  9. bones
  10. called
  11. cancer
  12. care
  13. cell
  14. cells
  15. changed
  16. clinics
  17. completely
  18. constantly
  19. contract
  20. controlled
  21. create
  22. created
  23. crowding
  24. damaged
  25. days
  26. develop
  27. die
  28. disease
  29. diseases
  30. doctors
  31. donated
  32. embryonic
  33. embryos
  34. exact
  35. existing
  36. fat
  37. fertility
  38. find
  39. form
  40. function
  41. functions
  42. grow
  43. grown
  44. hard
  45. heal
  46. healthcare
  47. healthy
  48. hope
  49. imagine
  50. induced
  51. injury
  52. intestines
  53. job
  54. kind
  55. kinds
  56. leftover
  57. leukemia
  58. lining
  59. listening
  60. liver
  61. lives
  62. marrow
  63. meaning
  64. means
  65. mechnanisms
  66. medical
  67. medicine
  68. multiple
  69. muscle
  70. music
  71. needed
  72. nerve
  73. numbers
  74. odds
  75. organs
  76. parts
  77. patients
  78. people
  79. personalized
  80. playlist
  81. pluripotent
  82. potential
  83. pretty
  84. protect
  85. receive
  86. regenerative
  87. regular
  88. regulated
  89. replace
  90. research
  91. researchers
  92. researching
  93. scientists
  94. send
  95. signals
  96. skin
  97. small
  98. special
  99. specialized
  100. specific
  101. spongy
  102. stem
  103. structures
  104. tastes
  105. tissue
  106. tissues
  107. transplant
  108. treat
  109. treatment
  110. treatments
  111. uncontrollably
  112. understand
  113. undifferentiated
  114. watch
  115. ways
  116. wear
  117. willingly
  118. working
  119. works