TedTest

From the Ted Talk by Claudia Aguirre: Why is yawning contagious?

Unscramble the Blue Letters

Oh, excuse me! Have you ever yawned because somebody else yawned? You aren't especially tired, yet suddenly your mouth opens wide and a big yawn comes out. This peohmnonen is known as cuionatogs yawning. And while scientists still don't fluly understand why it happens, there are many hypotheses currently being researched. Let's take a look at a few of the most prevalent ones, beginning with two physiological hypotheses before moving to a psychological one. Our first physiological hypothesis states that contagious yawning is tegirgerd by a specific stimulus, an initial yawn. This is called fixed action pattern. Think of fxeid aocitn pattern like a reflex. Your yawn makes me yawn. Similar to a domino effect, one person's yawn triggers a yawn in a person nrbeay that has observed the act. Once this reflex is triggered, it must run its course. Have you ever tried to stop a yawn once it has begun? Basically impossible! Another physiological hypothesis is known as non-conscious mimicry, or the caeemlohn effect. This occurs when you imitate someone's bievohar without knowing it, a subtle and unintentional copycat mneeavur. People tend to mimic each other's postures. If you are seated across from someone that has their legs crossed, you might cross your own legs. This hypothesis suggests that we yawn when we see someone else yawn because we are unconsciously copying his or her behavior. Scientists believe that this chameleon effect is possible because of a special set of neurons known as mirror nuerons. Mirror neurons are a type of brain cell that rposends equally when we pferrom an action as when we see someone else perform the same action. These neurons are important for learning and self-awareness. For example, watching someone do something physical, like knttniig or putting on lipstick, can help you do those same actions more accurately. Neuroimaging studies using fMRI, fancunitol magnetic resonance imaging, show us that when we seem someone yawn or even hear their yawn, a specific area of the barin huisnog these mirror neurons tends to light up, which, in turn, causes us to respond with the same action: a yawn! Our playisohocgcl hypothesis also involves the work of these mirror neurons. We will call it the empathy yawn. Empathy is the ability to untdeasnrd what someone else is flneieg and partake in their emotion, a crcaiul abtiily for social animals like us. Recently, nctiteoiuensrss have found that a subset of mirror neurons allows us to eamztiphe with others' finegels at a dpeeer level. (Yawn) Scientists doivseercd this empathetic response to yawning while testing the first hypothesis we mentioned, fixed action pattern. This study was set up to show that dogs would enact a yawn reflex at the mere sound of a human yawn. While their study seohwd this to be true, they found something else iinesntetrg. Dogs yawned more frequently at familiar yawns, such as from their owners, than at unfamiliar yawns from strangers. Following this research, other seitdus on humans and primates have also shown that contagious yawning occurs more frequently among friends than strangers. In fact, contagious yinwang starts orcncirug when we are about four or five years old, at the point when children develop the ability to ineditfy others' emotions properly. Still, while newer scientific studies aim to prove that contagious yawning is baesd on this ctaicapy for empathy, more research is needed to shed lhigt on what exactly is going on. It's possible that the answer lies in another hypothesis altogether. The next time you get caught in a yawn, take a second to think about what just happened. Were you thinking about a yawn? Did someone near you yawn? Was that person a stranger or someone close? And are you yawning right now? (Yawn) (Lip sckimang)

Open Cloze

Oh, excuse me! Have you ever yawned because somebody else yawned? You aren't especially tired, yet suddenly your mouth opens wide and a big yawn comes out. This __________ is known as __________ yawning. And while scientists still don't _____ understand why it happens, there are many hypotheses currently being researched. Let's take a look at a few of the most prevalent ones, beginning with two physiological hypotheses before moving to a psychological one. Our first physiological hypothesis states that contagious yawning is _________ by a specific stimulus, an initial yawn. This is called fixed action pattern. Think of _____ ______ pattern like a reflex. Your yawn makes me yawn. Similar to a domino effect, one person's yawn triggers a yawn in a person ______ that has observed the act. Once this reflex is triggered, it must run its course. Have you ever tried to stop a yawn once it has begun? Basically impossible! Another physiological hypothesis is known as non-conscious mimicry, or the _________ effect. This occurs when you imitate someone's ________ without knowing it, a subtle and unintentional copycat ________. People tend to mimic each other's postures. If you are seated across from someone that has their legs crossed, you might cross your own legs. This hypothesis suggests that we yawn when we see someone else yawn because we are unconsciously copying his or her behavior. Scientists believe that this chameleon effect is possible because of a special set of neurons known as mirror _______. Mirror neurons are a type of brain cell that ________ equally when we _______ an action as when we see someone else perform the same action. These neurons are important for learning and self-awareness. For example, watching someone do something physical, like ________ or putting on lipstick, can help you do those same actions more accurately. Neuroimaging studies using fMRI, __________ magnetic resonance imaging, show us that when we seem someone yawn or even hear their yawn, a specific area of the _____ _______ these mirror neurons tends to light up, which, in turn, causes us to respond with the same action: a yawn! Our _____________ hypothesis also involves the work of these mirror neurons. We will call it the empathy yawn. Empathy is the ability to __________ what someone else is _______ and partake in their emotion, a _______ _______ for social animals like us. Recently, _______________ have found that a subset of mirror neurons allows us to _________ with others' ________ at a ______ level. (Yawn) Scientists __________ this empathetic response to yawning while testing the first hypothesis we mentioned, fixed action pattern. This study was set up to show that dogs would enact a yawn reflex at the mere sound of a human yawn. While their study ______ this to be true, they found something else ___________. Dogs yawned more frequently at familiar yawns, such as from their owners, than at unfamiliar yawns from strangers. Following this research, other _______ on humans and primates have also shown that contagious yawning occurs more frequently among friends than strangers. In fact, contagious _______ starts _________ when we are about four or five years old, at the point when children develop the ability to ________ others' emotions properly. Still, while newer scientific studies aim to prove that contagious yawning is _____ on this ________ for empathy, more research is needed to shed _____ on what exactly is going on. It's possible that the answer lies in another hypothesis altogether. The next time you get caught in a yawn, take a second to think about what just happened. Were you thinking about a yawn? Did someone near you yawn? Was that person a stranger or someone close? And are you yawning right now? (Yawn) (Lip ________)

Solution

behavior
triggered
showed
empathize
phenomenon
neurons
feelings
identify
ability
smacking
brain
studies
crucial
knitting
understand
psychological
maneuver
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fixed
nearby
functional
housing
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light
discovered
interesting
feeling
chameleon
contagious
capacity
neuroscientists
based
perform
yawning

Original Text

Oh, excuse me! Have you ever yawned because somebody else yawned? You aren't especially tired, yet suddenly your mouth opens wide and a big yawn comes out. This phenomenon is known as contagious yawning. And while scientists still don't fully understand why it happens, there are many hypotheses currently being researched. Let's take a look at a few of the most prevalent ones, beginning with two physiological hypotheses before moving to a psychological one. Our first physiological hypothesis states that contagious yawning is triggered by a specific stimulus, an initial yawn. This is called fixed action pattern. Think of fixed action pattern like a reflex. Your yawn makes me yawn. Similar to a domino effect, one person's yawn triggers a yawn in a person nearby that has observed the act. Once this reflex is triggered, it must run its course. Have you ever tried to stop a yawn once it has begun? Basically impossible! Another physiological hypothesis is known as non-conscious mimicry, or the chameleon effect. This occurs when you imitate someone's behavior without knowing it, a subtle and unintentional copycat maneuver. People tend to mimic each other's postures. If you are seated across from someone that has their legs crossed, you might cross your own legs. This hypothesis suggests that we yawn when we see someone else yawn because we are unconsciously copying his or her behavior. Scientists believe that this chameleon effect is possible because of a special set of neurons known as mirror neurons. Mirror neurons are a type of brain cell that responds equally when we perform an action as when we see someone else perform the same action. These neurons are important for learning and self-awareness. For example, watching someone do something physical, like knitting or putting on lipstick, can help you do those same actions more accurately. Neuroimaging studies using fMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging, show us that when we seem someone yawn or even hear their yawn, a specific area of the brain housing these mirror neurons tends to light up, which, in turn, causes us to respond with the same action: a yawn! Our psychological hypothesis also involves the work of these mirror neurons. We will call it the empathy yawn. Empathy is the ability to understand what someone else is feeling and partake in their emotion, a crucial ability for social animals like us. Recently, neuroscientists have found that a subset of mirror neurons allows us to empathize with others' feelings at a deeper level. (Yawn) Scientists discovered this empathetic response to yawning while testing the first hypothesis we mentioned, fixed action pattern. This study was set up to show that dogs would enact a yawn reflex at the mere sound of a human yawn. While their study showed this to be true, they found something else interesting. Dogs yawned more frequently at familiar yawns, such as from their owners, than at unfamiliar yawns from strangers. Following this research, other studies on humans and primates have also shown that contagious yawning occurs more frequently among friends than strangers. In fact, contagious yawning starts occurring when we are about four or five years old, at the point when children develop the ability to identify others' emotions properly. Still, while newer scientific studies aim to prove that contagious yawning is based on this capacity for empathy, more research is needed to shed light on what exactly is going on. It's possible that the answer lies in another hypothesis altogether. The next time you get caught in a yawn, take a second to think about what just happened. Were you thinking about a yawn? Did someone near you yawn? Was that person a stranger or someone close? And are you yawning right now? (Yawn) (Lip smacking)

Frequently Occurring Word Combinations

ngrams of length 2

collocation	frequency
contagious yawning	5
mirror neurons	5
fixed action	3
action pattern	3
physiological hypothesis	2
chameleon effect	2

ngrams of length 3

collocation	frequency
fixed action pattern	3

Important Words

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